Abstract: As global health challenges become increasingly complex and multidimensional, microbiome research and the One Health approach—along with their integration—actively promote the development of the field of public health laboratory sciences. The microbiome is an essential component of the human body, animals, and the environment. Microbiome research not only elucidates the interaction mechanisms between microorganisms and their hosts but also provides an irreplaceable material basis for the well-being of humans, animals, and the environment, offering new perspectives for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases. Additionally, the One Health approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health, establishing a theoretical foundation for interdisciplinary collaboration and global health management. The integration of the microbiome and the One Health approach establishes the notion of "the balance of dynamic factors" as a scientific principle underpinning One Health. This integration holds far-reaching implications for expanding new fields and developing new technologies in public health laboratory sciences, as well as informing public health practices.