Abstract: Periodontal disease is one of the most common infectious diseases affecting the oral cavity, with dental plaque biofilm and dental calculus being the primary pathogenic factors. Periodontal disease represents one of the leading causes of tooth loss in adults. According to the Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiological Survey, the incidence of periodontal disease remains high in China. As an odontogenic lesion, periodontal disease is also one of the principal oral conditions that can aggravate or trigger systemic diseases. It is closely associated with the onset and progression of cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, metabolic, and bone-related diseases, as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes and mental health problems. Periodontal disease is also among the oldest diseases afflicting humans, accompanying human evolution and development throughout history. Archaeological research on periodontal disease provides an in-depth understanding of the occurrence and characteristics of periodontal disease and dental calculus formation in ancient humans. Such studies also help elucidate the dietary structures, lifestyle habits, general health status, and the evolution of disease spectrum of ancient populations. Consequently, research on periodontal disease provides important historical evidence for the study of human evolution, the development of civilization, and strategies for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases at the population level.