Abstract: Obesity has emerged as a critical global public health challenge, with an urgent need for effective prevention and control strategies. Traditional nutritional intervention approaches often overlook individual variability and dietary complexity, which limits their effectiveness in achieving precision-based prevention and control. In this context, nutritional intervention strategies are gradually shifting from population-based models to individualized precision nutrition models, which integrate and analyze multidimensional data to open new pathways for obesity prevention and control. The theoretical framework of precision nutrition is based on the recognition that individual heterogeneity in biological mechanisms underlies individual variations in nutritional needs. The research approaches in precision nutrition include genomics, epigenetics, metagenomics, metabolomics, and integrated multi-omics analyses. In terms of application, precision nutrition combines advanced external dietary exposure assessment tools—such as Internet-based dietary assessment systems and AI-driven image recognition—with omics-derived internal biomarkers to enable accurate quantification of dietary intake. Principles such as holistic dietary integrity, full coverage of dietary restrictions, optimized cooking methods, and chrononutrition are emphasized in intervention strategies. Future efforts in precision nutrition should focus on overcoming technical challenges, including thorough integration of multi-omics data and the development of intelligent decision-making systems. The goal is to move beyond generalized, “one-size-fits-all” model toward tailored, precision-based intervention. Precision nutrition will provide essential scientific and technological support for the Healthy China 2030 initiative and help usher in a new era of scientific and individualized obesity prevention and control.