Abstract: Calvarial stem cells are essential for maintaining the health and function of the craniofacial complex and the central nervous system. Under physiological conditions, these stem cells primarily reside within specialized microenvironments known as stem cell niches, located in the bone marrow, periosteum, and sutures of cranial bones. The heterogeneous cellular populations within the microenvironment dynamically regulate the quantity and function of stem cells. Due to their distinct spatial distribution, these stem cells exhibit unique functional characteristics and play crucial roles in the development and progression of various diseases, as well as in relevant therapeutic applications. Herein, we summarize the latest research advances concerning various types of calvarial stem cells, elaborating on their respective functions, microenvironmental regulation, and therapeutic potential, thereby providing new perspectives for both basic research and clinical applications in this field.