Distribution and Drug Resistance Characteristics of Pathogenic Bacteria in the Elderly Population in China in 2021
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摘要:目的
通过收集中国老年人群感染病原标准化病例数据,分析我国老年人群感染病原菌的分布及耐药性特征,完善中国感染病原菌规范化分层监测体系的建立。
方法收集2021年全国62家哨点医院老年感染人群(≥65岁)病例信息,从年龄、地区、病原菌分布及主要病原菌耐药性特征等方面进行分析。
结果2021年共纳入全国老年人群感染病例
3468 例,患者来源前三的科室是重症医学科(13.2%)、呼吸内科(11.2%)和普通外科(8.4%)。标本类型以尿液(25.5%)、痰液(20.6%)和血液(18.7%)为主。分离病原菌3468 株,革兰阴性菌占78.9%,革兰阳性菌占21.1%。病原菌主要由大肠埃希菌(20.9%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(18.3%)、铜绿假单胞菌(11.2%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(9.0%)和鲍曼不动杆菌(7.0%)构成。临床常见重要耐药菌分离率分别为:耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)38.0%,碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, CRAB)68.7%,碳青霉烯类耐药铜绿假单胞菌(carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, CRPA)38.2%,碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌(carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, CRKP)20.1%,碳青霉烯类耐药大肠埃希菌(carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli, CRECO)5.2%,耐万古霉素肠球菌(vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, VRE)2.1%。全国七大区老年人群临床常见的重要耐药菌中CRAB和CRKP的分离率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。≥85岁的老年人群中肺炎克雷伯菌为最主要的病原菌,且CRKP的分离率在不同老年年龄段差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论全国不同地区及年龄段老年人群感染病原菌耐药性具有差异,监测老年人群感染病原菌分布及耐药性并根据地区及年龄层制定具有针对性的治疗方案,对提高老年人群疗效及改善预后具有重要意义。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo study the distribution and drug resistance characteristics of pathogenic bacteria in the elderly population of China by collecting and analyzing the standardized case data on the pathogens of infections in elderly patients, and to facilitate the establishment of a standardized layered surveillance system for pathogenic bacteria in China.
MethodsWe collected the case data of elderly patients (≥65 years old) from 62 sentinel hospitals across the country in 2021. Then, we statistically analyzed the data by patient age, their geographical region, the distribution of pathogenic bacteria, and the drug resistance characteristics of main pathogens.
ResultsA total of
3468 cases from across the country were included in the study. The top three sources of patients were the intensive care unit (13.2%), the department of respiratory medicine (11.2%), and the department of general surgery (8.4%). The top three types of specimens were urine (25.5%), sputum (20.6%), and blood (18.7%). A total of3468 strains of pathogens were isolated, among which, 78.9% were gram-negative bacteria and 21.1% were gram-positive bacteria. The top five types of bacteria were Escherichia coli (20.9%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.0%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (7.0%). The isolation rates of common important drug-resistant bacteria were 38.0% for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 68.7% for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), and 38.2% for carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), 20.1% for carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), 5.2% for carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli (CRECO), and 2.1% for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). There were differences in the isolation rates of CRAB and CRKP in clinical care in the elderly population in seven geographical regions of China (P<0.05). Klebsiella pneumoniae is the most important pathogen in the elderly population ≥85 years old, and the isolation rates of CRKP showed significant differences in different age groups (P<0.05).ConclusionThere are significant differences in the drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in the elderly populations of different regions and age groups in China. Therefore, monitoring the distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in the elderly population and formulating targeted treatment plans according to the characteristics of the specific regions and age groups are of great significance to the improvement in the treatment outcomes and prognosis of the elderly population.
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Keywords:
- Pathogenic bacteria /
- Elderly population /
- Antibacterial drugs /
- Drug resistance
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全球老龄化加剧,我国老龄化现象亦日益突出。中华人民共和国卫生健康委老龄健康司2022年发布的数据显示,我国65岁以上老年人群占比为14.2%,呈逐年上升趋势[1]。老年人群免疫力较低,感染的发病率和病死率更高。一项全球老年人群罹患疾病的研究显示,2019年全球老年人群死亡原因中感染性疾病扮演着重要角色[2]。耐药病原菌的不断出现,使临床抗感染治疗选择更加局限。对于常有基础疾病和器官功能障碍的老年人群,其抗感染治疗面临更大挑战。我国幅员辽阔,地域间气候差异大,经济发展不平衡,医疗卫生资源分布不均。因此,了解我国老年人群病原菌分布和耐药情况,将为临床经验诊治、细菌耐药控制、合理使用抗生素以及相关部门政策制定提供参考。本研究纳入了2021年全国62家哨点医院老年感染人群数据,分析感染病原菌的分布情况和耐药性特征,并与同年中国全人群数据进行对比分析,为掌握我国老年人群病原菌和耐药情况,完善中国感染病原菌规范化分层监测体系,提供数据支持。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
回顾性分析2021年1–12月全国62家哨点医院(包括三级综合医院46家,二级综合医院5家,三级专科医院10家及二级专科医院1家)共
3468 例老年(≥65岁)患者的病原菌及临床资料。本研究通过了四川大学华西医院医学伦理委员会的审查(批准号2023年审2404号)。1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 菌种鉴定
使用Autof ms1000全自动微生物质谱仪(安图生物工程有限公司,中国)进行菌株鉴定,鉴定结果≥9分为种水平可信。
1.2.2 抗菌药物敏感性试验
使用SAST 60全自动微生物药敏分析仪(珠海迪尔生物工程有限公司,中国),结合纸片扩散法(KB法)、Etest法、微量肉汤稀释法进行常见抗菌药物敏感性试验和复核,按照美国临床和实验室标准化协会(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, CLSI)2021年M100进行结果判读[3]。头孢哌酮-舒巴坦的判定标准参考头孢哌酮对肠杆菌科细菌的折点。替加环素按美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)推荐的判断标准[4]。大肠埃希菌ATCC 25922、铜绿假单胞菌ATCC 27853、肺炎克雷伯菌ATCC 700603和金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC 25923(KB法)/ATCC 29213(稀释法)为质控菌株。
1.2.3 重要耐药菌检测
纳入分析的临床重要耐药菌包括:碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌(carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, CRE)〔主要分析碳青霉烯类耐药大肠埃希菌(carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli, CRECO)和碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌(carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, CRKP)〕、碳青霉烯类耐药铜绿假单胞菌(carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, CRPA)、碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, CRAB)、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)及耐万古霉素肠球菌(vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, VRE)。其检测方法按照CLSI-M100、中华人民共和国卫生行业标准、指南、共识的要求进行。经药敏检测为CRE(CRECO和CRKP)、CRPA、CRAB、MRSA、VRE的菌株,用KB法、Etest法或微量肉汤稀释法进行复核。
1.2.4 数据处理及统计分析
本研究数据采用WHONET 5.6和SPSS 22.0进行统计处理及分析。根据地理区域将我国划分为七大行政区:华北、华东、华中、华南、东北、西北和西南地区[5]。病原菌抗菌药物耐药率采用R%进行表示。本研究中临床常见的重要耐药菌率的比较采用卡方检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1 中国老年感染人群分布情况
2021年,中国老年人群(≥65岁)感染病例
3468 例中男性患者2124 例(61.2%),女性患者1344 例(38.8%),男女比例1.6∶1。病例年龄65~105岁,平均年龄74.7岁,中位年龄73.0岁。2.2 病原菌来源科室情况
3468 例中标本来源占比前三的科室是重症医学科(ICU)13.2%(459例)、呼吸内科11.2%(390例)和普通外科8.4%(290例),标本类型以尿液25.5%(886例)、痰液20.6%(715例)和血液18.7%(650例)为主。2.3 病原菌分布情况
非重复的
3468 株分离菌中革兰阴性菌78.9%(2736 株),革兰阳性菌21.1%(732株)。病原菌主要为大肠埃希菌20.9%(725株)、肺炎克雷伯菌18.3%(636株)、铜绿假单胞菌11.2%(387株)、金黄色葡萄球菌9.0%(313株)和鲍曼不动杆菌7.0%(243株)。革兰阴性菌分离株占比前三的是大肠埃希菌(26.5%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(23.2%)和铜绿假单胞菌(14.1%),革兰阳性菌分离株占比前三的是金黄色葡萄球菌(42.8%)、屎肠球菌(27.9%)和粪肠球菌(23.1%)。2.4 革兰阳性球菌耐药性分析
本研究分离出金黄色葡萄球菌313株,其中MRSA 占38.0%(119株),甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA) 占62.0%(194株),MRSA对大环内酯类和喹诺酮类等抗菌药物的耐药率均高于MSSA,对利奈唑胺的耐药率分别为0.0%和0.5%;本研究未分离出对万古霉素、替加环素及替考拉宁耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌。204株屎肠球菌中对常见抗菌药物耐药率均较高(89.7%~95.1%)。169株粪肠球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物(46.7%~56.2%)及红霉素(64.5%)耐药率较高。见表1。
表 1 革兰阳性菌抗菌药物敏感性及耐药性分析Table 1. Analysis of the sensitivity and resistance of antibacterial drugs in Gram-positive bacteriaAntibacterial agents MRSA
(R%)MSSA
(R%)E. faecium
(R%)E. faecalis
(R%)Penicillin G 100.0 82.5 91.7 10.1 Gentamicin 25.2 13.9 NA NA Gentamicin-high NA NA 37.7 32.5 Ampicillin NA NA 89.7 7.1 Rifampicin 13.4 0.5 NA NA Ciprofloxacin 39.5 14.4 92.6 56.2 Levofloxacin 35.3 12.9 89.7 46.7 Moxifloxacin 34.5 12.9 94.1 51.5 Sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim 10.1 12.9 NA NA Clindamycin 57.1 23.2 NA NA Erythromycin 72.3 52.1 95.1 64.5 Linezolid 0.0 0.5 2.9 6.5 Vancomycin 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.6 Minocycline 2.5 0.5 NA NA Tigecycline 0.0 0.0a 0.0 0.0 Teicoplanin 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.2 R%: the percentage of drug resistance. NA: not applicable. a According to the FDA standard that tigecycline MIC>0.5 is non-sensitive (NS). In this study Staphylococcus aureus had 0.9% NS for tigecycline, Enterococcus faecium had 3.8% NS for tigecycline, and Enterococcus faecalis had 1.2% NS for tigecycline. E. faecium: Enterococcus faecium; E. faecalis: Enterococcus faecalis. 2.5 革兰阴性杆菌抗菌药物敏感性及耐药性分析
本研究分离出大肠埃希菌725株,对碳青霉素类抗菌药物及替加环素耐药率均较低,分别为5.2%和0.6%。分离出肺炎克雷伯菌636株,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药率为20.1%,替加环素耐药率为1.7%。分离出铜绿假单胞菌387株,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药率为亚胺培南38.3%,美罗培南23.8%,其他抗菌药物耐药率均低于30.0%。分离出鲍曼不动杆菌243株,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物耐药率较高(68.7%),除米诺环素及替加环素外,余抗菌药物耐药率均超过50.0%。见表2。
表 2 革兰阴性菌药物敏感性及耐药性分析Table 2. Analysis of the sensitivity and resistance of antibacterial drugs in Gram-negative bacteriaAntibacterial agents ECO
(R%)KPN
(R%)PAE
(R%)ABA
(R%)Ampicillin 84.7 96.5 NA NA Ampicillin-sulbactam 48.7 41.8 NA 70.4 Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 52.1 40.9 NA NA Cefperazone-sulbactam 10.1 26.5 18.1 57.7 Piperacillin-tazobactam 8.8 25.6 15.3 69.1 Cefazolin 62.9 41.2 NA NA Cefuroxime 55.9 39.9 NA NA Cefoxitin 15.7 28.1 NA NA Ceftazidime 30.1 31.9 19.6 67.9 Ceftriaxone 55.4 37.9 NA 70.0 Cefepime 36.8 31.9 12.4 67.5 Aztreonam 39.0 33.5 23.8 NA Ertapenem 5.2 20.1 NA NA Imipenem 2.8 20.0 38.3 68.7 Meropenem 2.8 18.7 23.8 68.3 Amikacin 3.2 15.4 2.1 60.9 Gentamicin 36.7 26.6 6.7 64.6 Ciprofloxacin 61.3 37.6 16.8 68.3 Levofloxacin 60.4 32.1 21.0 64.6 Sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim 59.0 33.2 NA 64.6 Nitrofurantoin 1.9 NA NA NA Minocycline 12.0 20.6 NA 7.8 Tigecycline 0.6 1.7 NA 2.5 R%: the percentage of drug resistance. NA: not applicable.ECO: Escherichia coli; KPN: Klebsiella pneumoniae; PAE: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; ABA: Acinetobacter baumannii. 2.6 临床常见的重要耐药菌分析
对全国老年人群感染病原菌的耐药性进行分析,结果显示临床常见的重要的耐药菌比例为:CRAB 68.7%,CRPA 38.2%,MRSA 38.0%,CRKP 20.1%,CRECO 5.2%,VRE 2.1%。
2.7 中国不同地区病原菌差异分析
3468 例老年患者中,华北地区占27.0%(935例),华东地区占14.0%(487例),华中地区占12.8%(443例),华南地区占12.5%(432例),东北地区占10.9%(379例),西北地区占12.5%(433例)和西南地区占10.3%(359例)。分析结果显示分离率前三的病原菌(大肠埃希菌,肺炎克雷伯菌,铜绿假单胞菌)占各地区分离株的48.5%~59.4%。见表3。对全国七大区老年人群临床常见的重要耐药菌分离率进行分析,结果显示各区老年人群CRAB和CRKP的分离率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。华东地区MRSA分离率最高(55.9%),华中地区CRAB分离率最高(83.9%),西南地区CRPA(52.3% )和CRKP(43.9%)分离率最高,七大区中CRECO分离率均较低(3.4%~6.8%,P=0.946)。见表4。表 3 2021年中国七大区老年人群病原菌情况Table 3. Pathogenic bacteria of the elderly population in seven geographical regions of ChinaRegion The top three pathogens in
distribution (%)Total proportion
of main
pathogens/%North China ECO (22.1) KPN (17.6) PAE (11.9) 51.6 East China KPN (19.7) ECO (17.9) PAE (11.1) 48.7 Central China ECO (26.9) KPN (13.1) PAE (10.6) 50.6 South China ECO (20.4) KPN (17.6) PAE (10.0) 58.0 SA (10.0) Northeast China KPN (31.4) ECO (17.4) PAE (10.6) 59.4 Northwest China ECO (19.6) KPN (15.0) SA (14.1) 48.7 Southwest China ECO (20.3) KPN (15.9) PAE (12.3) 48.5 ECO: Escherichia coli; KPN: Klebsiella pneumoniae; PAE: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; SA: Staphylococcus aureus. 表 4 全国七大区老年人群重要耐药菌情况Table 4. Important drug-resistant bacteria in the elderly population in seven geographical regions of ChinaRegion MRSA/
%CRAB/
%CRPA/
%CRKP/
%CRECO/
%North China (n=935) 37.9 78.6 40.5 29.7 5.8 East China (n=487) 55.9 54.1 27.8 28.1 5.7 Central China (n=443) 44.4 83.9 40.4 24.1 3.4 South China (n=432) 39.5 54.8 27.9 11.8 4.5 Northeast China (n=379) 20.8 60.0 45.0 3.4 4.5 Northwest China (n=433) 37.7 72.7 33.3 4.6 5.9 Southwest China (n=359) 25.0 61.9 52.3 43.9 6.8 χ2 10.255 14.361 9.722 66.313 1.800a P 0.114 0.026 0.137 0.000 0.946 a Fisher's exact test. 2.8 不同年龄段病原菌分析
根据年龄将患者分为3组,65~74岁
1924 例(55.5%),75~84岁1114 例(32.1%),≥85岁430例(12.4%)。各年龄段占比前三的病原菌为:65~74岁,大肠埃希菌(22.8%),肺炎克雷伯菌(17.4%),铜绿假单胞菌(10.8%);75~84岁,大肠埃希菌(19.7%),肺炎克雷伯菌(18.9%),铜绿假单胞菌(12.0%);≥85岁,肺炎克雷伯菌(20.9%),大肠埃希菌(15.8%),铜绿假单胞菌(10.5%)。≥85岁的老年人群中肺炎克雷伯菌为最主要的病原菌。3个年龄段临床常见的重要耐药菌分离率统计结果显示,CRKP分离率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表5。表 5 各年龄段老年人群重要耐药菌情况Table 5. Important drug-resistant bacteria in the elderly popultaion of different age groupsAge/yr. MRSA/% CRAB/% CRPA/% CRKP/% CRECO/% 65-74 (n= 1924 )39.2 65.2 38.5 17.6 5.5 75-84 (n= 1114 )39.4 76.4 40.3 19.0 4.6 ≥85 (n= 430 )24.0 66.7 31.1 32.2 5.9 χ2 2.268 2.825 1.213 9.688 0.307 P 0.322 0.243 0.545 0.008 0.858 3. 讨论
随着社会发展全球人口寿命也随之延长,老年人群的健康问题得到越来越多的关注[6]。加之抗菌药物耐药率的增加使感染控制更加困难[7]。抗菌药物敏感性及耐药性监测体系的构建可为临床制定经验性疗法、治疗方案的实施及抗菌药物使用指南的改进提供更多数据。因此,本研究拟通过对全国62家哨点医院老年人群感染病原菌标准化数据的分析,监测并调研老年人群感染病原菌的敏感性和耐药性,辅助完善中国感染病原菌规范化分层监测体系的建立,以期为临床抗感染治疗及老年人群的健康管理提供更多帮助。
本研究共收集病原菌
3468 株,标本类型前三的是尿液、痰液和血液,与CHINET 2021年全人群数据基本相符[8],稍有不同的是老年人群尿液标本占比更高,这可能与老年人群患尿路感染的风险更高有关[9]。标本来源以ICU最多,因此对于这类健康状态较差的老年患者,更需重视感染病原耐药监测,及时调整治疗方案,改善患者预后。本研究统计结果显示,分离的病原菌中革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌分别占78.9%和21.1%,与同年CHINET数据(71.4%和28.6%)相比,老年人群革兰阴性菌分离比例有所增加[8]。病原菌以大肠埃希菌最多,其次分别是肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和鲍曼不动杆菌。一项2020年发表的全球抗菌药物耐药监测系统总结研究显示,63个耐药监测系统中最常见的病原菌种是金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎链球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌[10],与我国数据稍有不同,因此根据不同国家的监测数据给予更具有针对性的预防和治疗方案才能更好地为患者提供帮助。
本研究中老年人群MRSA分离率为38.0%,高于同年我国全人群(成人)调查水平(30.0%)[8]。此外,根据欧洲抗菌药物监测网数据显示,MRSA在欧洲不同国家检出率存在较大差异,从1.4%~49.1%不等[11]。同时由世界卫生组织(WHO)推出的全球抗菌药物耐药与使用监测系统(GLASS)数据显示109个国家和地区的MRSA检出率在中低收入国家为33.3%,在高收入国家为15.0%[12]。提示我国老年人群MRSA检出率与国际水平基本一致,仍需关注老年人群MRSA筛查情况,预防可能由MRSA引起的院内感染的发生。
肠杆菌科中,大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药率为5.2%,稍高于我国全人群(成人)调查水平(2.0%)[8]。肺炎克雷伯菌中CRKP检出率为20.1%,与我国全人群(成人)调查水平(21.9%)基本持平[8]。自2005年至今肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药率逐渐增高[8]。对于免疫力较低,且常伴随基础疾病的老年人群,CRKP感染率更高[13],因此对于这类人群做好耐药监测十分重要。
非发酵菌中,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率为38.3%,明显高于我国全人群(成人)调查水平(23.0%)[8],P<0.01。铜绿假单胞菌耐药机制复杂[14-15],因此应加强对此类感染的老年人的临床管理。此外,本研究中除碳青霉烯类药物外,铜绿假单胞菌对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均低于30%,表明目前临床在用的抗菌药物对由铜绿假单胞菌引起的感染能起到较好的治疗效果。本研究CRAB检出率为68.7%,稍低于同年我国全人群(成人)调查水平(72.3%)[8],除替加环素及米诺环素耐药率低外(2.5%和7.8%),余抗菌药物耐药率均>50%。GLASS数据显示鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药性较高,109个国家及地区上报的BSIs数据中,不动杆菌属对亚胺培南耐药率为64.3%,美罗培南耐药率为64%,多尼培南耐药率为54.7%[12]。由于鲍曼不动杆菌具有易产生耐药性的特点,使得其更容易引起医院内感染的发生[16-17]。WHO 2018年总结了耐抗菌药物的细菌和结核分枝杆菌重点清单,按照紧急、高等和中等对耐药细菌进行三分级,其中耐碳青霉烯类抗菌药物和耐第三代头孢菌素的肠杆菌科、CRAB和CRPA被划分为紧急优先级[18]。因此,重视抗菌药物耐药率的监测,特别是具有较多基础疾病、免疫力较低的老年人群,对于临床抗菌药物治疗方案的调整和改善患者预后具有重要意义。
本研究分析了全国七大区老年人群病原菌和重要耐药菌分离率的情况,发现不同地区主要病原菌菌种基本相同,临床常见的重要耐药菌中CRAB和CRKP分离率具有差异,提示不同地区老年人群在进行抗菌药物监测和治疗时应根据该地区情况进行参考和分析。同时,≥85岁的老年人群中肺炎克雷伯菌为最主要的病原菌,同时CRKP的分离率在不同老年年龄段具有差异,因此对于老年患者的治疗,需要根据地区、年龄、基础疾病等方面综合考虑。此外,应充分重视耐药监测工作,对不同年龄、不同地区的人群进行分层分析,做好防控工作。
综上所述,本研究回顾了2021年全国七大区共62家哨点医院老年人群病原菌分布及耐药等相关病例资料,MRSA、CRKP及CRAB仍然是需要重点关注和监测的病原菌。随着临床多重耐药菌的出现,老年人群身体基础较差,因此临床更需重视病原菌耐药监测和分析,及时调整治疗方案,提高治愈率,改善患者预后。
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作者贡献声明 唐思诗负责论文构思、正式分析、研究方法、软件、可视化、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,肖玉玲和李静负责调查研究和研究项目管理,李冬冬负责经费获取、提供资源和监督指导,吴思颖负责论文构思和数据审编,黄曦悦负责正式分析、经费获取、研究方法、软件、可视化、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,李金、杨玲、李进、王瞳和张戈负责正式分析、调查研究、验证和审读与编辑写作,徐英春负责论文构思、研究项目管理、提供资源、监督指导和审读与编辑写作,谢轶负责论文构思、经费获取、研究项目管理、提供资源、监督指导和审读与编辑写作。所有作者已经同意将文章提交给本刊,且对将要发表的版本进行最终定稿,并同意对工作的所有方面负责。
Author Contribution TANG Sishi is responsible for conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, software, visualization, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. XIAO Yuling and LI Jing are responsible for investigation and project administration. LI Dongdong is responsible for funding acquisition, resources, and supervision. WU Siying is responsible for conceptualization and data curation. HUANG Xiyue is responsible for formal analysis, methodology, software, visualization, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. LI Jin, YANG Ling, LI Jin, WANG Tong, and ZHANG Ge are responsible for formal analysis, investigation, validation, and writing--review and editing. XU Yingchun is responsible for conceptualization, project administration, resources, supervision, and writing--review and editing. XIE Yi is responsible for conceptualization, funding acquisition, project administration, resources, supervision, and writing--review and editing. All authors consented to the submission of the article to the Journal. All authors approved the final version to be published and agreed to take responsibility for all aspects of the work.
利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
Declaration of Conflicting Interests All authors declare no competing interests.
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表 1 革兰阳性菌抗菌药物敏感性及耐药性分析
Table 1 Analysis of the sensitivity and resistance of antibacterial drugs in Gram-positive bacteria
Antibacterial agents MRSA
(R%)MSSA
(R%)E. faecium
(R%)E. faecalis
(R%)Penicillin G 100.0 82.5 91.7 10.1 Gentamicin 25.2 13.9 NA NA Gentamicin-high NA NA 37.7 32.5 Ampicillin NA NA 89.7 7.1 Rifampicin 13.4 0.5 NA NA Ciprofloxacin 39.5 14.4 92.6 56.2 Levofloxacin 35.3 12.9 89.7 46.7 Moxifloxacin 34.5 12.9 94.1 51.5 Sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim 10.1 12.9 NA NA Clindamycin 57.1 23.2 NA NA Erythromycin 72.3 52.1 95.1 64.5 Linezolid 0.0 0.5 2.9 6.5 Vancomycin 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.6 Minocycline 2.5 0.5 NA NA Tigecycline 0.0 0.0a 0.0 0.0 Teicoplanin 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.2 R%: the percentage of drug resistance. NA: not applicable. a According to the FDA standard that tigecycline MIC>0.5 is non-sensitive (NS). In this study Staphylococcus aureus had 0.9% NS for tigecycline, Enterococcus faecium had 3.8% NS for tigecycline, and Enterococcus faecalis had 1.2% NS for tigecycline. E. faecium: Enterococcus faecium; E. faecalis: Enterococcus faecalis. 表 2 革兰阴性菌药物敏感性及耐药性分析
Table 2 Analysis of the sensitivity and resistance of antibacterial drugs in Gram-negative bacteria
Antibacterial agents ECO
(R%)KPN
(R%)PAE
(R%)ABA
(R%)Ampicillin 84.7 96.5 NA NA Ampicillin-sulbactam 48.7 41.8 NA 70.4 Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 52.1 40.9 NA NA Cefperazone-sulbactam 10.1 26.5 18.1 57.7 Piperacillin-tazobactam 8.8 25.6 15.3 69.1 Cefazolin 62.9 41.2 NA NA Cefuroxime 55.9 39.9 NA NA Cefoxitin 15.7 28.1 NA NA Ceftazidime 30.1 31.9 19.6 67.9 Ceftriaxone 55.4 37.9 NA 70.0 Cefepime 36.8 31.9 12.4 67.5 Aztreonam 39.0 33.5 23.8 NA Ertapenem 5.2 20.1 NA NA Imipenem 2.8 20.0 38.3 68.7 Meropenem 2.8 18.7 23.8 68.3 Amikacin 3.2 15.4 2.1 60.9 Gentamicin 36.7 26.6 6.7 64.6 Ciprofloxacin 61.3 37.6 16.8 68.3 Levofloxacin 60.4 32.1 21.0 64.6 Sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim 59.0 33.2 NA 64.6 Nitrofurantoin 1.9 NA NA NA Minocycline 12.0 20.6 NA 7.8 Tigecycline 0.6 1.7 NA 2.5 R%: the percentage of drug resistance. NA: not applicable.ECO: Escherichia coli; KPN: Klebsiella pneumoniae; PAE: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; ABA: Acinetobacter baumannii. 表 3 2021年中国七大区老年人群病原菌情况
Table 3 Pathogenic bacteria of the elderly population in seven geographical regions of China
Region The top three pathogens in
distribution (%)Total proportion
of main
pathogens/%North China ECO (22.1) KPN (17.6) PAE (11.9) 51.6 East China KPN (19.7) ECO (17.9) PAE (11.1) 48.7 Central China ECO (26.9) KPN (13.1) PAE (10.6) 50.6 South China ECO (20.4) KPN (17.6) PAE (10.0) 58.0 SA (10.0) Northeast China KPN (31.4) ECO (17.4) PAE (10.6) 59.4 Northwest China ECO (19.6) KPN (15.0) SA (14.1) 48.7 Southwest China ECO (20.3) KPN (15.9) PAE (12.3) 48.5 ECO: Escherichia coli; KPN: Klebsiella pneumoniae; PAE: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; SA: Staphylococcus aureus. 表 4 全国七大区老年人群重要耐药菌情况
Table 4 Important drug-resistant bacteria in the elderly population in seven geographical regions of China
Region MRSA/
%CRAB/
%CRPA/
%CRKP/
%CRECO/
%North China (n=935) 37.9 78.6 40.5 29.7 5.8 East China (n=487) 55.9 54.1 27.8 28.1 5.7 Central China (n=443) 44.4 83.9 40.4 24.1 3.4 South China (n=432) 39.5 54.8 27.9 11.8 4.5 Northeast China (n=379) 20.8 60.0 45.0 3.4 4.5 Northwest China (n=433) 37.7 72.7 33.3 4.6 5.9 Southwest China (n=359) 25.0 61.9 52.3 43.9 6.8 χ2 10.255 14.361 9.722 66.313 1.800a P 0.114 0.026 0.137 0.000 0.946 a Fisher's exact test. 表 5 各年龄段老年人群重要耐药菌情况
Table 5 Important drug-resistant bacteria in the elderly popultaion of different age groups
Age/yr. MRSA/% CRAB/% CRPA/% CRKP/% CRECO/% 65-74 (n= 1924 )39.2 65.2 38.5 17.6 5.5 75-84 (n= 1114 )39.4 76.4 40.3 19.0 4.6 ≥85 (n= 430 )24.0 66.7 31.1 32.2 5.9 χ2 2.268 2.825 1.213 9.688 0.307 P 0.322 0.243 0.545 0.008 0.858 -
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1. 韩冰,郭静,辛佳阳,李郝丹,王晓彤,丁修冬. 2022—2023年中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九八四医院临床病原菌耐药监测统计分析. 大医生. 2025(02): 119-121 . 百度学术
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