Efficacy and Safety of Medical Thoracoscopic Bulla Volume Reduction in the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Combined With Giant Emphysematous Bullae
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摘要:目的
探讨经内科胸腔镜肺大疱减容术治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)合并巨型肺大疱(giant emphysematous bulla, GEB)的疗效和安全性。
方法选取2021年3月–2022年12月就诊于郑州大学附属郑州中心医院的66例COPD合并GEB患者作为研究对象,将患者分为内科胸腔镜组(采用经内科胸腔镜肺大疱减容术治疗)30例和外科胸腔镜组(采用电视辅助胸腔镜手术治疗)36例,所有患者在出院前、出院后3个月、6个月进行随访。比较两组手术前后肺功能、六分钟步行距离(6-minute walk distance, 6MWD)、圣乔治呼吸问卷(St.George's respiratory questionnaire, SGRQ)评分及术后并发症差异,评估手术时长、术后住院时长、手术和住院费用、术后24 h最大视觉模拟评分(visual analog scale, VAS)。
结果两组基线资料差异无统计学意义,具有可比性;内科胸腔镜组〔(0.78±0.29) L vs. ( 1.02±0.31) L,P<0.001〕和外科胸腔镜组术后6个月第一秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in 1 second, FEV1)较术前均有改善〔(0.80±0.21) L vs.(1.03±0.23) L,P<0.001〕,两组6MWD、SGRQ评分于术后3个月和术后6个月也观察到一定程度的改善(与术前相比,P<0.05),且于术后随访期间两组患者上述指标的组间比较差异无统计学意义。两组患者手术时间差异无统计学意义,内科胸腔镜组术后住院时间〔(7.3±2.6) d〕、术后24 hVAS疼痛评分〔3.0(2.0, 3.3)分〕均低于外科胸腔镜组〔(10.4±4.3) d,4.5(3.0, 5.0)分〕,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),内科胸腔镜组手术花费和住院总花费低于外科胸腔镜组(P<0.05)。内科胸腔镜组的并发症发生率低于外科胸腔镜组(46.7% vs. 52.8%),但差异无统计学意义。
结论经内科胸腔镜肺大疱减容术能改善COPD合并GEB患者的肺功能、生活质量和运动耐力,减轻术后短期疼痛,缩短术后住院时间,具有创伤小、恢复快、花费少的优点,值得临床推广应用。
Abstract:ObjectiveTo explore the efficacy and safety of medical thoracoscopic bulla volume reduction for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) combined with giant emphysematous bullae (GEB).
MethodsA total of 66 patients with COPD combined with GEB were enrolled in the study. All the subjects received treatment at Zhengzhou Central Hospital affiliated with Zhengzhou University between March 2021 and December 2022. The subjects were divided into two groups, a medical thoracoscope group consisting of 30 cases treated with medical thoracoscopic bulla volume reduction and a surgical thoracoscope group consisting of 36 cases treated by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. All patients were followed up before discharge and 3 months and 6 months after discharge. The preoperative and postoperative levels of the pulmonary function, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) scores and differences in postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. The operative duration, postoperative length-of-stay, and surgical costs and hospitalization bills, and the maximum visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores at 24 h after the procedure were assessed.
ResultsThe baseline data of the two groups were comparable, showing no statistically significant difference. The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) 6 months after the procedures improved in both the medical thoracoscopy group ([0.78±0.29] L vs. [1.02±0.31] L, P<0.001) and the surgical thoracoscopy group ([0.80±0.21] L vs. [1.03±0.23] L, P<0.001) compared to that before the procedures. Improvements to a certain degree in 6MWT and SGRQ scores were also observed in the two groups at 3 months and 6 months after the procedures (P<0.05). In addition, no statistically significant difference in these indexes was observed during the follow-up period of the patients in the two groups. There was no significant difference in operating time between the two groups. The medical thoracoscopy group had shorter postoperative length-of-stay ([7.3±2.6] d) and 24-hour postoperative VAS pain scores (3.0 [2.0, 3.3]) than the surgical thoracoscopic group did ([10.4±4.3] d and 4.5 [3.0, 5.0], respectively), with the differences being statistically significant (P<0.05). Surgical cost and total hospitalization bills were lower in the medical thoracoscopy group than those in the surgical thoracoscopy group (P<0.05). The complication rate in the medical thoracoscopy group was lower than that in the surgical thoracoscopy group (46.7% vs. 52.8%), but the difference was not statistically significant.
ConclusionMedical thoracoscopic reduction of bulla volume can significantly improve the pulmonary function, quality of life, and exercise tolerance of patients with COPD combined with GEB, and it can reduce postoperative short-term pain and shorten postoperative length-of-stay. The procedure has the advantages of minimal invasiveness, quick recovery, and low costs. Hence extensive clinical application is warranted.
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慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)肺组织的终末期可出现大疱型肺气肿样改变,在影像学上常有不同表现形式。巨型肺大疱(giant emphysematous bulla, GEB)是一种大疱性肺组织病变,一般是指大于单侧胸腔1/3的肺大疱[1],多继发于COPD。COPD合并GEB患者往往肺功能低下,严重影响生活质量,药物治疗有限,常需手术治疗[2]。电视辅助胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracic surgery, VATS)是目前治疗COPD及GEB的主要干预手段,但该术式手术要求高,合并肺气肿的GEB患者易出现术后并发症[3-4];经皮穿刺肺大疱引流术治疗GEB存在大疱难以完全减容、易复发等局限性;因此,寻找新的治疗手段具有重要的临床价值。经内科胸腔镜肺大疱减容术兼具VATS及经皮穿刺肺大疱引流术之优点,且利用医用生物胶的黏合作用预防复发;目前国内外关于该技术的研究相对较少,国内仅发表的一篇报道[5]为单中心、单臂研究,研究缺乏多学科团队配合,观察指标少。本中心应用经内科胸腔镜肺大疱减容术治疗COPD合并GEB,填补了河南省的技术空白,目前开展的病例数已位居国内第二。该研究取得胸外科团队支持,多学科团队指导,首次将经内科胸腔镜肺大疱减容术与传统的VATS进行对照研究,并且增加肺功能、生活质量相关评分及经济学指标,以探讨经内科胸腔镜肺大疱减容术的疗效和安全性。现将研究内容报告如下。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集2021年3月–2022年12月于郑州大学附属郑州中心医院接受手术治疗的COPD合并GEB的患者资料,经多学科团队(MDT)评估后进行手术治疗,将患者分为内科胸腔镜组(采用经内科胸腔镜肺大疱减容术治疗)30例和外科胸腔镜组(采用电视辅助胸腔镜手术治疗)36例。所有患者均签署知情同意书,该研究已获郑州大学附属郑州中心医院伦理审查委员会的批准,批准号202259。
1.1.1 纳入标准
①年龄≥18岁;②符合慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南(2021年修订版)慢性阻塞性肺疾病临床诊断标准;③胸部CT提示GEB占据单侧胸腔容积1/3及以上〔呼吸困难量表(mMRC评分)3级及以上者,大疱总容积可放宽至>400 mL〕;④满足慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊治指南(2021年修订版)中规定的外科肺减容术的手术要求。
1.1.2 排除标准
①存在慢阻肺急性加重及以下任何情况:过去12个月里发生过>3次COPD相关的住院抗感染治疗,日常接受全身性类固醇药物治疗;②存在以下心血管疾病:心动过缓(<50 min-1),多灶性室上性心动过速、复杂性室性心律失常或持续性室上性心动过速,半年内发生过心梗或慢性心衰;③肺动脉高压:超声心动图检查肺动脉收缩压峰值≥45 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)或平均肺动脉压≥35 mmHg;④存在需要手术治疗的肺结节、肺占位性病变;⑤既往进行过外科肺减容手术、支气管镜肺减容手术、胸骨切开术或肺叶切除术;⑥存在凝血功能障碍及其他胸腔镜检查或麻醉禁忌证者;⑦随访资料缺失。
1.2 手术方法
所有患者均完善术前血常规、心电图等常规检查,应用Siemens Somatom Emotion 16层螺旋CT机行胸部CT扫描以进行GEB的评估。为保证患者安全性,由胸外科、心肺功能科、影像科等组成的MDT团队评估,共同制定手术方案。
1.2.1 内科胸腔镜组
术前行人工气胸,借助胸腔内适量游离气体,使胸膜粘连和GEB得以充分显示以评估胸腔粘连程度,定位GEB,必要时于CT引导下GEB内置入胸腔引流管。依预定位置做一单操作孔置入内科胸腔镜,减容操作过程如下(图1):①粘连带松解:内科胸腔镜下电凝钩分离粘连带,游离大疱。②穿刺大疱:在与GEB对应的胸壁区域置入穿刺针,胸腔镜直视引导下,穿刺大疱、抽出疱内大部分气体,使GEB处于部分萎陷状态;③疱内注胶:经喷撒管向大疱内注入医用胶(a-氰基丙烯酸酯快速医用胶,1.5 mL/支,广州白云医用胶有限公司),注胶量依据大疱大小来定;大疱基底较宽时,需多点注胶。④萎陷大疱:在完全阻断患侧肺通气条件下,经穿刺针快速抽吸大疱内气体,胸腔镜下观察到GEB内气体完全抽出、疱壁与基底完全贴紧时,拔出穿刺针,压实泡壁,直至泡壁完全硬化。⑤膨肺验证:钳子触感大疱基底硬化后嘱麻醉师膨肺,如大疱仍有膨起,重复上述步骤,直至大疱不再膨起。依次处理所有目标GEB,对合并存在的其他胸膜下非巨型的肺大疱,可辅以氩离子凝固术烧灼加医用胶局部喷涂,烧灼广泛者,需追加胸膜粘连。镜下观察目标大疱无遗漏及显著漏气,撤出胸腔镜,放置引流管,术毕。
1.2.2 外科胸腔镜组
做一操作孔分别置入外科胸腔镜、电凝钩及直线切割吻合器(IM45AM及IM45BLU,天津瑞奇外科器械股份有限公司),于胸腔镜直视下,电凝钩烙断粘连胸膜,分离GEB,直线切割吻合器切除GEB,必要时以胸普外科修补膜(B型/TB-S6080,冠昊生物科技股份有限公司)为垫片予以丝线缝扎预防漏气,用温盐水充分冲洗胸腔,嘱麻醉师吸痰鼓肺检测是否漏气,若无异常,采用碘伏纱布摩擦胸壁行胸膜固定,创面渗血区予以电刀严格止血,止血粉(2 g/支,江苏德威兰医疗器械股份公司)及医用胶喷洒。术毕撤出胸腔镜,放置引流管,常规缝合切口。
1.2.3 术后管理
术后转至重症监护室,严密监测生命体征,复查血常规、血气分析等指标,常规胸腔闭式引流,待漏气停止24~48 h后,影像学显示肺完全复张,夹闭引流管,24~48 h后接通引流管仍无气体引出,复查胸部CT,无胸腔积气、积液,拔出引流管。院外药物治疗与术前保持一致,术后6月内电话及门诊随访评估。
1.3 观察指标
①基线资料:性别、年龄、体重指数(body mass index, BMI)、吸烟史(包年)、术前肺功能〔第一秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in 1 second, FEV1)、残气容积(residual volume, RV)、残气容积与肺总量(total lung volume, TLC)的比值(RV/TLC)〕、六分钟步行距离(6-minute walk distance, 6MWD)、圣乔治呼吸问卷(St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire, SGRQ)、mMRC呼吸困难评分。②所有患者在出院前、术后3个月、6个月进行随访,随访内容包括肺功能、SGRQ问卷、6MWD、并发症发生率。③评估手术时长、术后住院时长、手术和住院费用、术后24 h最大视觉模拟评分(VAS)。术后疼痛程度采用VAS 评分进行评估,0分表示无痛,10分表示无法忍受的剧烈疼痛[6]。本研究主要结局为各时间点肺功能,次要结局为术后生活质量和运动能力评估、主要术后并发症和临床评价指标。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 26.0对数据进行统计分析。采用Shapiro-Wilk检验对计量资料进行正态性检验,符合正态分布的资料均以$\bar x\pm s $表示,不符合正态分布的资料均采用中位数(四分位间距)表示。定量资料符合正态分布采用独立样本t检验,不符合正态分布采用Mann-Whitney U检验。两组间手术前后各指标比较符合正态分布采用重复测量方差分析,两两比较采用LSD法,同一时间点组间比较采用独立样本t检验。定性资料以例数(%)表示,采用卡方检验。P双侧<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1 基线资料
共纳入COPD合并GEB患者66例,内科胸腔镜组30例,外科胸腔镜组36例,均完成术后6月随访。两组患者术前基线值差异无统计学意义,具有可比性(表1)。
表 1 2组不同治疗方式的基线资料比较Table 1. Comparison of the baseline data of patients treated with the two different endoscopic proceduresIndex Medical thoracoscope group (n=30) Surgical thoracoscopy group (n=36) t/χ2/z P Male/% 93.3 97.2 0.026 0.871 Age/yr., $ \bar x \pm s $ 61.9±9.5 59.6±9.0 0.975 0.333 BMI/(kg/m2), $ \bar x \pm s $ 21.2±2.8 20.8±2.4 0.673 0.503 Smoking history/pack-years, $ \bar x \pm s $ 36.2±15.9 36.0±15.1 0.045 0.964 Preoperative lung function FEV1/L, $ \bar x \pm s $ 0.78±0.29 0.80±0.21 0.335 0.739 RV/L, median (P25, P75) 3.10 (2.77, 3.52) 3.34 (2.86, 3.56) −0.992 0.321 TLC/L, $ \bar x \pm s $ 5.34±1.31 5.14±0.80 0.747 0.459 RV/TLC 0.620±0.094 0.638±0.057 0.907 0.369 6MWD/m, $ \bar x \pm s $ 221.9±126.7 224.0±98.5 0.075 0.940 SGRQ score ($ \bar x \pm s $) 53.4±6.1 50.8±7.2 1.575 0.120 mMRC (median [P25, P75]) 4.0 (3.0, 4.0) 4.0 (3.0, 4.0) −0.345 0.730 BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second; RV: residual volume; TLC: total lung volume; 6MWD: 6-minute walk distance; SGRQ: St.George's respiratory questionnaire; mMRC: modified medical research council dyspnea scale. 2.2 肺功能
表2显示了各指标时间与组别的交互效应,FEV1、RV/TLC时间与组别的交互效应无统计学意义,且上述指标两组间差异无统计学意义,组内4个时间点的差异有统计学意义(P均<0.001)。表3显示内科胸腔镜组出院前FEV1、RV/TLC的改善有统计学意义(P<0.05),术后3个月、6个月肺功能较术前对比改善持续存在(P<0.05)。外科胸腔镜组出院前FEV1较术前增加〔(0.84±0.25) L vs. (0.80±0.21) L,P<0.05)〕,术后3个月、6个月肺功能改善较术前持续存在(P<0.05)。两组患者出院前、术后3个月和6个月肺功能比较,差异无统计学意义。
表 2 双因素重复测量分析结果Table 2. Results for the two-factor repeated measurement analysisIndex Ftime (P) Fgroup (P) Finteraction (P) FEV1 102.337 (<0.001) 0.064 (0.802) 0.115 (0.933) RV/TLC 26.786 (<0.001) 1.959 (0.166) 1.040 (0.360) SGRQ 542.429 (<0.001) 0.468 (0.496) 5.115 (0.003) 6MWD 77.030 (<0.001) 0.031 (0.861) 0.471 (0.671) All abbreviations are explained in the first footnote to Table 1. 表 3 2组患者肺功能及量表数据分析Table 3. Analysis of lung function and findings for the measurement scales of the 2 groupsIndex Time-point Medical thoracoscopy
group (n=30)Surgical thoracoscopy
group (n=36)t P FEV1/L Preoperative 0.78±0.29 0.80±0.21 0.335 0.739 Before discharge 0.83±0.31a 0.84±0.25a 0.147 0.883 3 months after surgery 0.91±0.28a, b 0.94±0.25a, b 0.351 0.727 6 months after surgery 1.02±0.31a, b, c 1.03±0.23a, b, c 0.152 0.880 F 56.932 48.774 − − P <0.001 <0.001 − − RV/TLC Preoperative 0.620±0.094 0.638±0.057 0.907 0.369 Before discharge 0.599±0.089a 0.619±0.065a 1.021 0.312 3 months after surgery 0.581±0.089a, b 0.608±0.061a, b 1.434 0.158 6 months after surgery 0.559±0.116a, b, c 0.596±0.059a, b, c 1.581 0.121 F 13.571 12.715 − − P <0.001 <0.001 − − SGRQ score Preoperative 53.4±6.1 50.8±7.2 1.575 0.120 Before discharge 34.6±6.8a 36.7±6.6a 1.364 0.177 3 months after surgery 29.5±5.3a, b 28.8±5.6a, b 1.979 0.052 6 months after surgery 25.1±5.4a, b, c 26.3±5.3a, b, c 0.169 0.867 F 256.444 292.816 − − P <0.001 <0.001 − − 6 MWD/m Preoperative 221.9±126.7 224.0±98.5 0.075 0.940 Before discharge 261.7±138.5a 253.8±84.4a 0.273 0.786 3 months after surgery 295.8±116.4a, b 283.7±72.7a, b 0.517 0.607 6 months after surgery 321.2±100.3a, b, c 322.4±80.2a, b, c 0.051 0.959 F 20.845 74.759 − − P <0.001 <0.001 − − All abbreviations are explained in the first footnote to Table 1. a P<0.05, vs. preoperative; b P<0.05, vs. before discharge; c P<0.05, vs. 3 months after surgery. Data presented as $\bar x \pm s$. 2.3 SGRQ问卷及6MWD
在出院前、术后3个月和6个月的随访中,两组患者6MWD、SGRQ评分均较术前显著改善(P<0.05),且两组患者术后随访中SGRQ评分及6MWD比较差异无统计学意义,见表2和表3。
2.4 手术前后相关指标及住院费用
表4结果显示,两组患者手术时长差异无统计学意义,内科胸腔镜组术后住院时长、带管时长和VAS评分显著低于外科胸腔镜组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),对进行手术的66例患者的成本进行分析,内科胸腔镜组平均住院费用和手术费用均低于外科胸腔镜组(P<0.05)。
表 4 2组患者临床指标和费用比较Table 4. Comparison of clinical indicators and costs between the two groupsIndex Medical thoracoscopy
group (n=30)Surgical thoracoscopy
group (n=36)t/z P Operation duration/min, $ \bar x \pm s $ 128.1±51.9 126.3±44.0 0.152 0.880 Postoperative length-of-stay/d, $ \bar x \pm s $ 7.3±2.6 10.4±4.3 3.648 0.001 VAS score (median [P25, P75]) 3.0 (2.0, 3.3) 4.5 (3.0, 5.0) −3.872 <0.001 Duratoin of drain tubing placement/d, median (P25, P75) 4.0 (3.0, 6.0) 6.0 (4.0, 10.0) −2.516 0.012 Operation cost/yuan, median (P25, P75) 8408.5 (7171.5 ,9622.3 )9499.5 (8654.0, 10296.6 )−3.078 0.002 Hospitalization cost/yuan, median (P25, P75) 49954.9 (46452.2 ,62530.6 )69781.2 (48321.2 ,75852.0 )−3.278 0.001 2.5 并发症
见表5。①术后漏气:术后48 h后仍有漏气者在两组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.045),术后持续漏气大于7 d者在两组间差异无统计学意义。②肺部感染:两组间差异无统计学意义。③皮下气肿:两组间差异无统计学意义。内科胸腔镜组有2例皮下积气达12 d,其中1例累及双眼,并发结膜炎;外科胸腔镜组存在1例皮下气肿累及阴囊,8例见纵隔气肿,两组患者均经引流管负压吸引和(或)皮下切开及对症治疗后好转。④咯血:两组间差异无统计学意义。咯血多于术后2 d内出现;内科胸腔镜组有1例于术后6月随访中仍偶有晨起咳褐色痰,相关检查未见异常,患者无不适,未予处理。外科胸腔镜组有2例于术后3月出现晨起咯血,给予止血药物口服后好转。⑤其他:内科胸腔镜组有1例出现低钠血症,有4例出现胸腔积液;外科胸腔镜组有3例出现胸腔积液,3例于随访期间出现2次COPD急性加重,经支持、对症治疗后好转;有2例出现心律失常,其中1例于术后房颤加重,1例于术后出现窦性心动过速,给予药物控制心率。
表 5 2组患者术后并发症比较Table 5. Comparison of postoperative complications between the two groupsIndex Medical thoracoscopy
group (n=30)Surgical thoracoscopy
group (n=36)χ2 P Complication rate/case (%) 14 (46.7) 19 (52.8) 0.244 0.621 Air still leaking 48 hours/case (%) 7 (23.3) 17 (47.2) 4.036 0.045 Continuous air leakage/case (%) 5 (16.7) 8 (22.2) 0.319 0.572 Pneumoderm/case (%) 12 (40.0) 17 (47.2) 0.347 0.556 Pulmonary infection/case (%) 6 (20.0) 11 (30.6) 0.953 0.326 Hemoptysis/case (%) 4 (13.3) 7 (19.4) 0.110 0.740 3. 讨论
最新版慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议和指南推荐了多种手术治疗方式,各有其适应证和局限性[7-8]。外科手术是目前治疗COPD及GEB的主要干预手段,以开胸及VATS为主;VATS利用外科胸腔镜和切割缝合器切除病变肺组织以达到减容目的,因其微创、疗效显著广泛应用于临床[9-11]。国内外多项研究[12-13]均已证实该手术能显著改善患者的肺功能和生活质量,疗效确切,但手术要求高,部分患者难以耐受手术风险[14]。指南明确规定外科肺减容术的应用受年龄、肺功能、运动耐力等的影响。内科干预以经支气管镜植入单向活瓣和经皮穿刺肺大泡引流术两种术式为主,前者仅对靶肺叶无叶间旁路通气的患者有效[15],且对GEB的治疗尚在探索中[16-17];经皮穿刺肺大泡引流术难以达到完全减容的目的。经内科胸腔镜肺大疱减容一方面利用内科胸腔镜于直视下定位靶肺,进行精准治疗,一方面通过穿刺针抽吸气体并引流、医用胶黏合大疱预防漏气和复发,以消除占位效应,改善通气/血流比例,改善肺功能[5]。减容过程主要由穿刺针完成,实现创伤最小化和最大限度保留正常肺组织,可使更多患者获益。国内一项单臂研究[5]证实了内科胸腔镜下手术的疗效和安全性,并可适用于部分外科干预受限患者。
研究表明,内科胸腔镜下肺大疱减容术使患者的肺功能得改善,呼吸困难症状减轻,运动耐量提高,生活质量改善,且内科胸腔镜组的手术疗效并不亚于传统的外科手术。内科胸腔镜组术后6个月随访期间肺功能及生活质量相关评分均改善, 6MWD增加,有统计学意义,表明术后患者的肺功能、生活质量及运动耐力均较前好转,疗效持续存在。外科胸腔镜组采用传统的VATS,出院前及术后随访中,患者肺功能、生活质量评分、6MWD均较术前改善,证实了VATS治疗COPD合并GEB患者的疗效。两组患者采用不同手术治疗方式,其术后随访期间肺功能及相关指标、6MWD在不同时间点两两比较差异均无统计学意义,提示两组患者术后疗效相似。
相较于外科胸腔镜组,内科胸腔镜组住院时间短,术后24 h VAS评分低,其中内科胸腔镜组有3例需双氯芬酸钠镇痛,外科胸腔镜组有7例需双氯芬酸钠镇痛,提示内科胸腔镜组患者术后恢复相对较快,短期疼痛减轻。COPD合并GEB,肺组织质量差,GEB压迫周围肺组织,加重呼吸困难,内科胸腔镜组手术主要通过胸腔镜直视下经穿刺针抽吸疱内气体使大疱萎陷,减少肺的无效容积,一定程度恢复周围肺组织的功能,这种非手术切除方式也减少了对肺的刺激,可能会使术中液体渗出减少,减轻疼痛反应,利于术后肺组织的愈合及肺功能的恢复。胸腔镜手术术中会对肋间牵拉、卡压,存在损伤肋间神经的可能[18],甚至会导致肋间神经炎或神经瘤。胸腔镜创伤和术后放置引流管对胸膜、肋间神经和肺的刺激作用,是术后疼痛的主要原因[19]。内科胸腔镜组采用单一短切口置入胸腔镜和穿刺针,切口长度小,切口基本成孔有效减少了肌肉的横断损伤,有利于降低出血量,减少对肋间神经的损伤或牵拉,减轻患者术后短期疼痛。早期疼痛减轻有助于患者早期活动及咳嗽排痰,加快康复,缩短术后住院时间,使患者能更快达到出院标准。同时成本分析表明,接受经内科胸腔镜肺大疱减容术的患者住院期间的成本降低,手术费用也低于外科胸腔镜组,一定程度上可以减轻患者的经济负担。
两组安全性结果相似,两组均无围手术期(30 d)死亡,且两组之间并发症发生率相当。既往研究[20-21]表明,漏气是外科肺减容术最常见术后并发症,尤其是术后持续漏气,高达45.2%;肺炎是第二并发症,心血管并发症中以心律失常最常见。本次研究中,两组患者均出现了术后漏气、皮下气肿和肺部感染,外科胸腔镜组发生了术后心血管事件。皮下气肿考虑经肺部漏气进入皮下所致,内科胸腔镜组因其未行肺组织切除,术后48 h漏气比例小于外科胸腔镜组;内科胸腔镜组中有5例持续漏气,2例皮下气肿时间长,考虑与患者肺部存在严重肺气肿,多发肺大疱形成,术中牵拉肺组织、术后肺组织难以愈合相关。外科胸腔镜组肺组织质地差,切除肺组织使肺切缘较多,术后漏气时间长。通过严格的患者选择、仔细分离胸腔粘连、切缘处喷洒纤维蛋白胶、胸膜固定术、必要时牛心包垫片闭合肺切缘等方法,可以有效的预防术后漏气[20]。两组患者均有肺部感染出现,有研究建议术后预防性应用抗生素以减少感染发生,但到目前为止,尚无针对胸腔镜手术患者的围手术期循证抗生素管理方法。术后早期拔管和早期活动是预防感染并发症的重要措施。
本研究表明,内科胸腔镜手术在治疗COPD合并GEB上存在一定疗效,是可行的手术方法,另外有研究指出,内科胸腔镜手术可适用于部分外科干预受限患者[5]。本中心已完成的手术患者中包括85岁高龄、FEV1<20%的患者,术后生活质量均得到显著改善,说明经内科胸腔镜肺大疱减容术可能适合于高龄、肺通气功能更差的患者。为保持基线水平一致,尚未将此类患者纳入本次研究中,但临床治疗中可依据对患者的综合评估来决定患者能否实施内科胸腔镜手术,课题组也已着手基于潜在获益和风险的分组尝试,如评估GEB大小对术后获益的影响,具体的手术适应证有待更多的研究予以确定。
本研究存在一定的局限性。首先,本研究为观察性研究,患者以中老年人为主,肺组织损伤重,为保证安全性,由MDT团队评估后共同制定手术方案,可能对结果有影响。其次,本研究为单中心研究,受疫情、GEB发病率等影响,样本量较少,随访时间短,该技术仍在探索阶段,研究结论仍需进行更长观察周期和扩大样本量的严格随机对照研究予以证实。
综上所述,经内科胸腔镜肺大疱减容术治疗COPD合并GEB疗效确切,随访期间未见严重并发症;且该术式能减轻患者术后短期疼痛,缩短术后住院时间,减少手术及住院费用,具有创伤小、恢复快、花费少的优点,对于COPD合并GEB患者,尤其是部分外科干预受限的患者,可能是更好的选择,值得临床推广。
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作者贡献声明 路慧负责论文构思、数据审编、正式分析、调查研究和初稿写作,李振华负责研究方法、调查研究、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,余耀华和李国燕负责数据收集、研究方法和研究项目管理,梁婷婷负责数据收集和研究方法,张华负责论文构思、经费获取、监督指导、提供资源和审读与编辑写作。所有作者已经同意将文章提交给本刊,且对将要发表的版本进行最终定稿,并同意对工作的所有方面负责。
Author Contribution LU Hui is responsible for conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, and writing--original draft. LI Zhenhua is responsible for methodology, investigation, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. YU Yaohua and LI Guoyan are responsible for investigation, methodology, and project administration. LIANG Tingting is responsible for investigation and methodology. ZHANG Hua is responsible for conceptualization, funding acquisition, supervision, resources, and writing--review and editing. All authors consented to the submission of the article to the Journal. All authors approved the final version to be published and agreed to take responsibility for all aspects of the work.
利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
Declaration of Conflicting Interests All authors declare no competing interests.
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表 1 2组不同治疗方式的基线资料比较
Table 1 Comparison of the baseline data of patients treated with the two different endoscopic procedures
Index Medical thoracoscope group (n=30) Surgical thoracoscopy group (n=36) t/χ2/z P Male/% 93.3 97.2 0.026 0.871 Age/yr., $ \bar x \pm s $ 61.9±9.5 59.6±9.0 0.975 0.333 BMI/(kg/m2), $ \bar x \pm s $ 21.2±2.8 20.8±2.4 0.673 0.503 Smoking history/pack-years, $ \bar x \pm s $ 36.2±15.9 36.0±15.1 0.045 0.964 Preoperative lung function FEV1/L, $ \bar x \pm s $ 0.78±0.29 0.80±0.21 0.335 0.739 RV/L, median (P25, P75) 3.10 (2.77, 3.52) 3.34 (2.86, 3.56) −0.992 0.321 TLC/L, $ \bar x \pm s $ 5.34±1.31 5.14±0.80 0.747 0.459 RV/TLC 0.620±0.094 0.638±0.057 0.907 0.369 6MWD/m, $ \bar x \pm s $ 221.9±126.7 224.0±98.5 0.075 0.940 SGRQ score ($ \bar x \pm s $) 53.4±6.1 50.8±7.2 1.575 0.120 mMRC (median [P25, P75]) 4.0 (3.0, 4.0) 4.0 (3.0, 4.0) −0.345 0.730 BMI: body mass index; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second; RV: residual volume; TLC: total lung volume; 6MWD: 6-minute walk distance; SGRQ: St.George's respiratory questionnaire; mMRC: modified medical research council dyspnea scale. 表 2 双因素重复测量分析结果
Table 2 Results for the two-factor repeated measurement analysis
Index Ftime (P) Fgroup (P) Finteraction (P) FEV1 102.337 (<0.001) 0.064 (0.802) 0.115 (0.933) RV/TLC 26.786 (<0.001) 1.959 (0.166) 1.040 (0.360) SGRQ 542.429 (<0.001) 0.468 (0.496) 5.115 (0.003) 6MWD 77.030 (<0.001) 0.031 (0.861) 0.471 (0.671) All abbreviations are explained in the first footnote to Table 1. 表 3 2组患者肺功能及量表数据分析
Table 3 Analysis of lung function and findings for the measurement scales of the 2 groups
Index Time-point Medical thoracoscopy
group (n=30)Surgical thoracoscopy
group (n=36)t P FEV1/L Preoperative 0.78±0.29 0.80±0.21 0.335 0.739 Before discharge 0.83±0.31a 0.84±0.25a 0.147 0.883 3 months after surgery 0.91±0.28a, b 0.94±0.25a, b 0.351 0.727 6 months after surgery 1.02±0.31a, b, c 1.03±0.23a, b, c 0.152 0.880 F 56.932 48.774 − − P <0.001 <0.001 − − RV/TLC Preoperative 0.620±0.094 0.638±0.057 0.907 0.369 Before discharge 0.599±0.089a 0.619±0.065a 1.021 0.312 3 months after surgery 0.581±0.089a, b 0.608±0.061a, b 1.434 0.158 6 months after surgery 0.559±0.116a, b, c 0.596±0.059a, b, c 1.581 0.121 F 13.571 12.715 − − P <0.001 <0.001 − − SGRQ score Preoperative 53.4±6.1 50.8±7.2 1.575 0.120 Before discharge 34.6±6.8a 36.7±6.6a 1.364 0.177 3 months after surgery 29.5±5.3a, b 28.8±5.6a, b 1.979 0.052 6 months after surgery 25.1±5.4a, b, c 26.3±5.3a, b, c 0.169 0.867 F 256.444 292.816 − − P <0.001 <0.001 − − 6 MWD/m Preoperative 221.9±126.7 224.0±98.5 0.075 0.940 Before discharge 261.7±138.5a 253.8±84.4a 0.273 0.786 3 months after surgery 295.8±116.4a, b 283.7±72.7a, b 0.517 0.607 6 months after surgery 321.2±100.3a, b, c 322.4±80.2a, b, c 0.051 0.959 F 20.845 74.759 − − P <0.001 <0.001 − − All abbreviations are explained in the first footnote to Table 1. a P<0.05, vs. preoperative; b P<0.05, vs. before discharge; c P<0.05, vs. 3 months after surgery. Data presented as $\bar x \pm s$. 表 4 2组患者临床指标和费用比较
Table 4 Comparison of clinical indicators and costs between the two groups
Index Medical thoracoscopy
group (n=30)Surgical thoracoscopy
group (n=36)t/z P Operation duration/min, $ \bar x \pm s $ 128.1±51.9 126.3±44.0 0.152 0.880 Postoperative length-of-stay/d, $ \bar x \pm s $ 7.3±2.6 10.4±4.3 3.648 0.001 VAS score (median [P25, P75]) 3.0 (2.0, 3.3) 4.5 (3.0, 5.0) −3.872 <0.001 Duratoin of drain tubing placement/d, median (P25, P75) 4.0 (3.0, 6.0) 6.0 (4.0, 10.0) −2.516 0.012 Operation cost/yuan, median (P25, P75) 8408.5 (7171.5 ,9622.3 )9499.5 (8654.0, 10296.6 )−3.078 0.002 Hospitalization cost/yuan, median (P25, P75) 49954.9 (46452.2 ,62530.6 )69781.2 (48321.2 ,75852.0 )−3.278 0.001 表 5 2组患者术后并发症比较
Table 5 Comparison of postoperative complications between the two groups
Index Medical thoracoscopy
group (n=30)Surgical thoracoscopy
group (n=36)χ2 P Complication rate/case (%) 14 (46.7) 19 (52.8) 0.244 0.621 Air still leaking 48 hours/case (%) 7 (23.3) 17 (47.2) 4.036 0.045 Continuous air leakage/case (%) 5 (16.7) 8 (22.2) 0.319 0.572 Pneumoderm/case (%) 12 (40.0) 17 (47.2) 0.347 0.556 Pulmonary infection/case (%) 6 (20.0) 11 (30.6) 0.953 0.326 Hemoptysis/case (%) 4 (13.3) 7 (19.4) 0.110 0.740 -
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