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家庭功能对青少年内外化问题行为的影响:共情和情绪能力的多重中介作用

彭银辉, 赵莉, 李祥, 龙宇, 徐新茂, 张换芳, 蒋莉华

彭银辉, 赵莉, 李祥, 等. 家庭功能对青少年内外化问题行为的影响:共情和情绪能力的多重中介作用[J]. 四川大学学报(医学版), 2024, 55(1): 146-153. DOI: 10.12182/20240160507
引用本文: 彭银辉, 赵莉, 李祥, 等. 家庭功能对青少年内外化问题行为的影响:共情和情绪能力的多重中介作用[J]. 四川大学学报(医学版), 2024, 55(1): 146-153. DOI: 10.12182/20240160507
PENG Yinhui, ZHAO Li, LI Xiang, et al. Effect of Family Functioning on Adolescents' Internalizing and Externalizing Problem Behaviors: The Multiple Mediating Roles of Empathy and Emotional Competence[J]. Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences), 2024, 55(1): 146-153. DOI: 10.12182/20240160507
Citation: PENG Yinhui, ZHAO Li, LI Xiang, et al. Effect of Family Functioning on Adolescents' Internalizing and Externalizing Problem Behaviors: The Multiple Mediating Roles of Empathy and Emotional Competence[J]. Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences), 2024, 55(1): 146-153. DOI: 10.12182/20240160507

家庭功能对青少年内外化问题行为的影响:共情和情绪能力的多重中介作用

基金项目: 青少年正面成长纵向研究(No. 19H0642)资助
详细信息
    通讯作者:

    赵莉: E-mail:zhaoli@scu.edu.cn

Effect of Family Functioning on Adolescents' Internalizing and Externalizing Problem Behaviors: The Multiple Mediating Roles of Empathy and Emotional Competence

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  • 摘要:
    目的 

    探析共情和情绪能力在家庭功能和青少年内外化问题行为关联之间的中介作用。

    方法 

    采用成都儿童正向成长队列中2022年6–7月调查数据,研究对象为成都市6所中小学5~9年级学生。分别使用Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)、中国家庭评估测量工具(C-FAI)、人际反应指数中文版共情分量表(C-IRI)、中国积极青年发展量表(CPYD)情绪能力(EC)分量表评估调查对象的内外化问题行为、家庭功能、共情和情绪能力,以各量表总得分分别除以各维度条目数后的平均分为其最终得分。采用独立样本t检验或单因素方差分析,考察在不同人口统计学特征(性别、年级和地区)学生群体间,家庭功能、共情、情绪能力和内外化问题行为间的差异。采用Pearson相关分析考察家庭功能、共情、情绪能力与内外化问题行为之间的关系。使用AMOS 24.0验证假设模型,并通过结构方程模型检验共情和情绪能力在家庭功能与青少年内外化问题行为间的中介作用。

    结果 

    本研究共纳入研究对象3026名,其中男生1548人(51.16%),女生1478人(48.84%);5年级798人(26.37%),6年级738人(24.39%),7年级567人(18.74%),8年级614人(20.29%),9年级309人(10.21%);城镇2064人(68.21%),农村962人(31.79%)。差异性分析结果显示,青少年内外化问题行为在不同年级学生之间差异有统计学意义(P=0.004),且家庭功能、共情能力得分在不同年级学生间差异也有统计学意义(均P<0.001),而青少年内外化问题行为在不同性别和地区间的差异无统计学意义(P=0.919,0.959)。相关性分析结果显示,家庭功能得分(得分越高家庭功能越差)与共情、情绪能力均呈负相关(r=−0.482、−0.432,P<0.01),与内外化问题行为呈正相关(r=0.220,P<0.01);共情与情绪能力呈正相关(r=0.402,P<0.01);共情、情绪能力与内外化问题行为各维度均呈负相关(r=−0.115、−0.305,P<0.01)。情绪能力在家庭功能与青少年内外化问题行为之间起部分中介作用,中介效应值为0.042(95%CI:0.031~0.057);共情、情绪能力在家庭功能与青少年内外化问题行为之间起链式中介作用,中介效应值为0.010(95%CI:0.007~0.014)。

    结论 

    家庭功能可直接、并通过共情和情绪能力的链式中介作用影响青少年内外化问题行为。

     

    Abstract:
    Objective 

    To examine the mediating role of empathy and emotional competence in the association between family functioning and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors among adolescents in China.

    Methods 

    In this study, we used the data from the June–July 2022 survey of Chengdu Positive Child Development (CPCD) cohort. All respondents were 5th-9th graders from six primary or secondary schools in Chengdu. The Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Chinese Family Assessment Instrument (C-FAI), the empathy subscale of the Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (C-IRI), and the emotional competence (EC) subscale of the Chinese Positive Youth Development Scale (CPYD) were used to evaluate the respondents' internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors, family functioning, empathy, and emotional competence, respectively. The average score derived from the total score of a scale divided by the number of entries in each dimension was used as the final score of the scale. Independent samples t-tests or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were performed to examine the differences in family functioning, empathy, emotional competence, and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors across student groups with different demographic characteristics (sex, grade, and region). Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between family functioning, empathy, emotional competence, and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. AMOS 24.0 was used to validate the hypothesized model and structural equation modeling was used to analyze the mediating effects of empathy and emotional competence between family functioning and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors among adolescents.

    Results 

    A total of 3026 eligible participants were included, including 1548 (51.16%) male students and 1478 (48.84%) female students. Among the respondents, 798 (26.37%) were 5th graders, 738 (24.39%) were 6th graders, 567 (18.74%) were 7th graders, 614 (20.29%) were 8th graders, and 309 (10.21%) were 9th graders. In addition, 2064 (68.21%) of all respondents were from urban areas and 962 (31.79%) were from rural areas. The results of the difference analysis showed that the differences in adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors were statistically significant between students of different grades (P=0.004), and that the differences in family functioning and empathy scores were also statistically significant between students of different grades (all P<0.001), whereas the differences in adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors were not statistically significant between sexes and regions (P=0.919, 0.959). The results of correlation analysis showed that family functioning scores (the higher the score, the worse the family functioning) were significantly negatively correlated with empathy and emotional competence (r=−0.482, −0.432, P<0.01), and significantly positively correlated with internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors (r=0.220, P<0.01). Empathy was significantly positively correlated with emotional competence (r=0.402, P<0.01). Empathy and emotional competence were significantly negatively correlated with all the dimensions of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors (r=−0.115, −0.305, P<0.01). Emotional competence partially mediated the relationship between family functioning and adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors, with a mediation effect value being 0.042 (95% [confidence interval] CI: 0.031-0.057). Empathy and emotional competence had chain mediation effect between family functioning and adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors, with the value of the mediation effect being 0.010 (95% CI: 0.007-0.014).

    Conclusion 

    Family functioning influences adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in a direct way and through the chain-mediating roles of empathy and emotional competence.

     

  • 青少年内外化问题行为是指个体内部的消极情绪(如抑郁、焦虑等)和外部的消极反应(如打架、违纪等)[1]。目前我国约有3000万青少年遭受不同程度的情绪障碍和行为问题困扰,且这一数据呈逐年上升的趋势,成为重要的公共卫生问题[2]。青少年阶段是各种问题行为的高发期[3],容易产生退缩、抑郁、焦虑、攻击、违纪等内外化问题行为[4-5]。青春期的内外化问题行为会严重影响个体学业成就、同伴关系等方面,并会阻碍个体健康正向成长[6]。基于此,探析影响青少年内外化问题行为的因素及作用机制,对于预防、减少和避免青少年问题行为具有重要的现实意义。家庭功能是指系统的家庭生活质量,涉及家庭的健康、能力、优势和弱点,对青少年内外化问题行为的发生和持续有重要的影响[7],家庭功能障碍易导致青少年发生内外化问题行为[8]。但是,其作用机制尚不完全明确。

    共情是指个体设身处地认知他人的情感和情感体验,并在情绪、情感和行为上表现出与他人相似的反应[9]。家庭对个体共情有重要影响,比如家庭教养方式对个体共情有显著的预测作用[10],且共情可以显著预测青少年内外化问题行为[11]。因此,共情在家庭功能与青少年内外化问题行为之间可能具有中介效应。情绪能力是指个体在处理和理解情感方面的技能和智力,包括识别、表达、理解和管理情感的能力,以及与他人建立情感联系和适应不同情感环境的能力[12]。研究发现,家庭功能水平是个体情绪能力的预测因素。家庭功能较弱的个体情绪抑制和情感表达能力更有限[13]。情绪管理能力对青少年的身心健康具有重要意义[14],情绪是青少年问题行为高发的关键因素,如自伤等[15]。因此,情绪能力在家庭功能与青少年内外化问题行为之间可能具有中介效应。研究表明,共情能力可能对增强个体情绪能力具有显著的正向预测作用[16]

    综上,本研究假设家庭功能对青少年内外化问题行为有预测作用,且共情和情绪能力在家庭功能与青少年内外化问题行为之间存在链式中介作用,进而探析家庭功能对青少年内外化问题行为影响的作用机制。

    研究采用成都儿童正向成长队列(Chengdu Positive Child development, CPCD)2022年6–7月采集的第四轮调查数据[17]。采用整群抽样方式抽取成都中心城区、北部和南部郊县的6所中小学5~9年级学生进行问卷调查,排除存在认知障碍及无法独立填答问卷的学生,剔除无效问卷后共纳入3026名有效样本,样本有效率92.12%。本研究已通过四川大学伦理委员会审批(伦理编号:K2020025),并获得研究对象知情同意。

    采用美国心理学家Achenbach编制的儿童行为量表(Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL)测量青少年内外化问题行为,包括退缩、躯体主诉、焦虑抑郁、违纪行为和攻击行为五个维度,共计65个条目。对每个条目设计为“无此表现”计“0分”,“有时出现”计“1分”,“明显出现”计“2分”,总分130分,得分越高,表明青少年内外化问题行为越严重,量表信效度良好[18]。经检验,本研究中该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.871。

    采用SHEK等编制的中国家庭评估测量工具(Chinese Family Assessment Instrument, C-FAI)测量青少年家庭功能,包括相互关系、沟通、冲突与和谐、父母关心和父母控制五个维度,共33个条目,采用1~5级计分(1为“十分相似”,5为“十分不相似”),量表中9个条目反向计分,总分165分,得分越高,表明家庭功能障碍程度越高,量表信效度良好[19]。经检验,本研究中该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.883。

    采用人际反应指数中文版共情分量表(empathy subscale of the Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index, C-IRI)评估共情情况,共11个条目。采用1~6级计分(1为“十分不同意”,6为“十分同意”),量表中3个条目反向计分,总分66分。得分越高,表明青少年共情越强,量表信效度良好[20]。经检验,本研究中该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.833。

    采用中国积极青年发展量表(Chinese Positive Youth Development Scale, CPYD)中情绪能力(emotional competence, EC)分量表,测量情绪抑制及表达能力。该量表共6个条目,采用1~6级计分方式(1为“非常不同意”,6为“非常同意”),总分36分,得分越高,表明青少年情绪抑制和表达能力越好[21]。经检验,本研究中该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.880。

    将数据导入SPSS 25.0,清洗数据后,首先通过Harman因子分析方法检验共同方法偏差,未旋转的主成分因素分析结果表明,特征根值大于1的因子有36个,其中第一个因子解释的变异量为15.50%,小于40%的临界标准,表明本研究不存在明显的共同方法偏差[22]。通过描述性统计算出CBCL量表青少年内外化问题行为各维度得分和总分、C-FAI量表家庭功能及各维度得分、C-IRI量表的共情得分和CPYD量表情绪能力得分,以各量表总得分分别除以各维度条目数后的平均分为其最终得分。采用独立样本t检验或单因素方差分析,考察在不同人口统计学特征(性别、年级和地区)下,家庭功能、共情、情绪能力和内外化问题行为间的差异。采用Pearson相关分析考察家庭功能、共情、情绪能力与内外化问题行为之间的关系。使用AMOS 24.0验证假设模型,并通过结构方程模型检验共情和情绪能力在家庭功能与青少年内外化问题行为间的中介作用。

    本次调查共纳入3026名中小学生,其中男生1548人(51.16%),女生1478人(48.84%);年龄8~19岁,平均年龄为(12.50±1.61)岁;5年级798人(26.37%),6年级738人(24.39%),7年级567人(18.74%),8年级614人(20.29%),9年级309人(10.21%);2064人(68.21%)来自城镇,962人(31.79%)来自农村。

    差异性分析结果显示,青少年内外化问题行为在不同年级学生间差异有统计学意义(P=0.004),且家庭功能、共情能力得分在不同年级学生间差异有统计学意义(均P<0.001),而青少年内外化问题行为在不同性别和地区的学生间差异无统计学意义(P=0.919,P=0.959)。相关性分析结果显示,青少年家庭功能各维度得分与共情、情绪能力均呈显著的负相关,但与内外化问题行为呈显著正相关,并均有统计学意义(P<0.01);情绪能力和共情呈现显著正相关,而共情、情绪能力与内外化问题行为各维度均呈显著的负相关,且均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结果见表1表2

    表  1  不同人口统计学特征在家庭功能、共情、情绪能力和内外化问题行为间差异性分析(n=3026
    Table  1.  Analysis of the differences in family functioning, empathy, emotional competence, and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors across student groups with different demographic characteristics (n=3026)
    ItemnFamily function Empathy Emotional competence Internalizing and externalizing behavior
    $ \bar x \pm s $t/FP$ \bar x \pm s $t/FP$ \bar x \pm s $t/FP$ \bar x \pm s $t/FP
    Sex 1.406 0.160 −2.534 0.011 0.644 0.520 0.102 0.919
     Male 1548 1.74±0.70 4.56±0.90 4.82±1.06 0.12±0.15
     Female 1478 1.71±0.66 4.64±0.86 4.79±1.06 0.12±0.18
    Grade 10.649 <0.001 18.085 <0.001 0.794 0.529 3.916 0.004
     Grade 5 798 1.66±0.65 4.75±0.89 4.79±1.03 0.13±0.14
     Grade 6 738 1.65±0.63 4.69±0.83 4.84±1.05 0.12±0.15
     Grade 7 567 1.74±0.71 4.53±0.91 4.82±1.07 0.12±0.23
     Grade 8 614 1.82±0.73 4.52±0.88 4.82±1.13 0.10±0.16
     Grade 9 309 1.87±0.71 4.32±0.86 4.72±1.00 0.11±0.17
    Region −2.450 0.014 4.238 <0.001 0.721 0.471 0.051 0.959
     Urban 2046 1.70±0.67 4.65±0.88 4.81±1.07 0.12±0.17
     Rural 962 1.77±0.70 4.50±0.88 4.78±1.04 0.12±0.17
    下载: 导出CSV 
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    表  2  各变量的描述性统计和相关矩阵(n=3026
    Table  2.  Descriptive statistics and correlation matrix for each variable (n=3026)
    VScale r
    Ms1234567891011121314
    1 1.59 0.80 1
    2 1.78 0.89 0.783** 1
    3 1.88 0.86 0.532** 0.476** 1
    4 1.46 0.77 0.515** 0.474** 0.570** 1
    5 1.92 1.03 0.376** 0.379** 0.460** 0.437** 1
    6 1.72 0.68 0.753** 0.745** 0.808** 0.732** 0.725** 1
    7 4.80 1.06 −0.485** −0.509** −0.295** −0.253** −0.272** −0.432** 1
    8 4.60 0.88 −0.400** −0.380** −0.401** −0.403** −0.308** −0.482** 0.402** 1
    9 0.17 0.28 0.231** 0.262** 0.137** 0.072** 0.140** 0.202** −0.280** −0.105** 1
    10 0.08 0.17 0.174** 0.191** 0.111** 0.085** 0.107** 0.164** −0.190** −0.110** 0.462** 1
    11 0.11 0.19 0.193** 0.196** 0.127** 0.090** 0.165** 0.186** −0.257** −0.086** 0.632** 0.480** 1
    12 0.09 0.18 0.161** 0.156** 0.113** 0.091** 0.146** 0.163** −0.220** −0.119** 0.523** 0.387** 0.520** 1
    13 0.15 0.19 0.187** 0.179** 0.098** 0.061** 0.136** 0.156** −0.252** −0.081** 0.584** 0.464** 0.618** 0.680** 1
    14 0.12 0.17 0.243** 0.260** 0.142** 0.090** 0.174** 0.220** −0.305** −0.115** 0.827** 0.642** 0.784** 0.752** 0.846** 1
     1: mutuality; 2: communication; 3: conflict and harmony; 4: parental concern; 5: parental control; 6: family function; 7: emotional competence; 8: empathy; 9: withdrawal; 10: somatic complaints; 11: anxiety and depression; 12: delinquent behavior; 13: aggressive behavior; 14: internalizing and externalizing behaviors. M: mean; V: variable; ** P<0.01.
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    以家庭功能为自变量,青少年内外化问题行为为因变量,共情和情绪能力为中介变量,年级为控制变量建立模型,在Amos中拟合结构方程模型探析家庭功能、内外化问题行为、共情和情绪能力等各变量之间的关系,并检验共情和情绪能力的中介作用。模型的拟合指标RMSEA=0.074,GFI=0.953,AGFI=0.921,NFI=0.950,IFI=0.953,TLI=0.933,CFI=0.953,修正后的模型各项指标达到拟合要求,表明拟合效果良好[22]。各项路径及系数见图1

    图  1  家庭功能对青少年内外化问题行为影响的中介效应模型路径系数图
    Figure  1.  Path coefficient plot of the mediating effects model of the influence of family functioning on adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors
    1-14 are explained in the notes to Table 2. e: residual error. The data in the figure are standardized coefficients. * P<0.05, *** P<0.001. n=3026.

    运用偏差校正非参数百分位Bootstrap法检验中介效应的显著性,重复取样5000次,计算模型的总效应、直接效应、间接效应、标准误和95%的置信区间。检验结果如表3所示。其中间接路径“家庭功能-共情-内外化问题行为”的95%置信区间跨过了0,中介效应不显著。其余路径“家庭功能-情绪能力-内外化问题行为”“家庭功能-共情-情绪能力-内外化问题行为”和“家庭功能-内外化问题行为”的95%置信区间均未包含0,具有统计学意义(P<0.001),表明共情和情绪能力在家庭功能对青少年内外化问题行为的影响中起部分中介作用。

    表  3  模型的中介效应估计结果(n=3026
    Table  3.  Results of the mediation effect analysis of the modele (n=3026)
    Effect typePoint estimateSEBootstrapping
    Bias-Corrected 95% CIPercentile 95% CI
    Indirect effect 1 0.004 0.005 −0.006-0.013 −0.006-0.014
    Indirect effect 2 0.042 0.006 0.031-0.057 0.030-0.056
    Indirect effect 3 0.010 0.002 0.007-0.014 0.007-0.013
    Total indirect effect 0.098 0.017 0.070-0.125 0.071 -0.127
    Direct effect 0.140 0.026 0.090-0.191 0.093-0.193
    Total effect 0.238 0.027 0.181-0.288 0.185-0.292
     Indirect effect 1: family function-empathy-internalizing and externalizing problem behavior; Indirect effect 2: family function-emotional competence-internalizing and externalizing problem behavior; Indirect effect 3: family function-empathy-emotional competence-internalizing and externalizing problem behavior. SE: standard error; CI: confidence interval.
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    相关性分析和结构方程模型分析结果表明,家庭功能得分与内外化问题行为呈正相关,家庭功能对青少年内外化问题行为有显著的预测作用,即家庭功能越差,个体越容易发生内外化问题行为,这与迟新丽等[8]和王恩娜等[23]的研究结果一致。个体与环境的交互作用理论认为,个体的发展结果同时受到个体特质与环境的交互作用[24]。发挥家庭功能积极作用的家庭,如家庭和睦、父母关心等,更能为青少年健康成长创造良好的环境,有助于培养其积极情绪和正确的观念,避免和减少问题行为的发生[24]。反之,家庭功能发展障碍,如家庭成员间缺乏交流,父母过度控制、管教、惩罚等,会导致孩子出现抑郁、自伤等内外化问题行为[25-26]

    中介效应检验发现,家庭功能既能通过情绪能力的中介作用影响青少年内外化问题行为,也能通过共情与情绪能力的链式中介作用影响青少年内外化问题行为。良好的家庭环境是青少年全面健康发展的基础,表现为亲子间交流密切,家庭凝聚力强,在个体面对负性生活事件时,更能得到家庭成员的安慰、鼓舞和支持,从而积极调节自己的情绪[27],生活在这样的环境下,有利于青少年形成良好的心理环境,进一步提升其情绪调控能力。良好的家庭功能也会促使青少年更设身处地地觉知、把握与理解他人的情绪和情感,同时有助于自身情绪抑制和表达能力的增加[16]。相反,家庭功能障碍时,如家庭成员缺乏沟通,家庭成员冲突等,青少年会产生更多的不良情绪,情绪抑制和表达能力降低,同时也降低对他人情绪的感知性,可能会导致青少年出现焦虑、抑郁、违纪和自伤等内外化问题行为[26]

    本研究局限性在于:其一,仅选取了CPCD队列2022年6–7月收集的第四轮数据,尚不能确定家庭功能与青少年内外化问题行为的因果关系,未来将应用队列数据进一步分析可能的因果关联;其二,采用自填问卷方式收集数据,可能存在信息偏倚,未来可探索更规范的数据收集方式,并考虑纳入更多地区共同研究;其三,本研究仍有部分效应无法通过情绪能力的中介作用和共情与情绪能力的链式中介作用解释,期待后续研究进行补充,以更全面地预防和干预青少年内外化问题行为的发生。

    家庭是一个复杂、动态的系统,其中外部环境与内部因素相互作用,共同塑造和影响个体情感、认知和社会发展等多个方面[28]。良好的家庭功能对于青少年同理心的塑造和调控个体情绪,避免和减少内外化问题行为具有积极作用。因此,改善家庭功能,为青少年正向成长提供良好的生活环境,并注重培养青少年的共情能力,提高青少年情绪抑制和表达能力可以有效预防或减少内外化问题行为的发生。

    *    *    *

    作者贡献声明 彭银辉负责论文构思、正式分析、研究方法、可视化、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,赵莉负责数据审编、研究项目管理、提供资源、监督指导、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,李祥、龙宇、徐新茂和张换芳负责数据审编、调查研究、验证、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,蒋莉华负责数据审编、研究项目管理、提供资源、监督指导、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作。所有作者已经同意将文章提交给本刊,且对要发表的版本进行最终定稿,并同意对工作的所有方面负责。

    Author Contribution  PENG Yinhui is responsible for conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, visualization, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. ZHAO Li is responsible for data curation, project administration, resources, supervision, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. LI Xiang, LONG Yu, XU Xingmao, and ZHANG Huanfang are responsible for data curation, investigation, validation, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. JIANG Lihua is responsible for data curation, project administration, resources, supervision, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. All authors consented to the submission of the article to the Journal. All authors approved the final version to be published and agreed to take responsibility for all aspects of the work.

    利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

    Declaration of Conflicting Interests All authors declare no competing interests.

    致谢 感谢香港理工大学石丹理教授对本研究选题及成都儿童正向成长队列(CPCD)的大力支持。

  • 图  1   家庭功能对青少年内外化问题行为影响的中介效应模型路径系数图

    Figure  1.   Path coefficient plot of the mediating effects model of the influence of family functioning on adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors

    1-14 are explained in the notes to Table 2. e: residual error. The data in the figure are standardized coefficients. * P<0.05, *** P<0.001. n=3026.

    表  1   不同人口统计学特征在家庭功能、共情、情绪能力和内外化问题行为间差异性分析(n=3026

    Table  1   Analysis of the differences in family functioning, empathy, emotional competence, and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors across student groups with different demographic characteristics (n=3026)

    ItemnFamily function Empathy Emotional competence Internalizing and externalizing behavior
    $ \bar x \pm s $t/FP$ \bar x \pm s $t/FP$ \bar x \pm s $t/FP$ \bar x \pm s $t/FP
    Sex 1.406 0.160 −2.534 0.011 0.644 0.520 0.102 0.919
     Male 1548 1.74±0.70 4.56±0.90 4.82±1.06 0.12±0.15
     Female 1478 1.71±0.66 4.64±0.86 4.79±1.06 0.12±0.18
    Grade 10.649 <0.001 18.085 <0.001 0.794 0.529 3.916 0.004
     Grade 5 798 1.66±0.65 4.75±0.89 4.79±1.03 0.13±0.14
     Grade 6 738 1.65±0.63 4.69±0.83 4.84±1.05 0.12±0.15
     Grade 7 567 1.74±0.71 4.53±0.91 4.82±1.07 0.12±0.23
     Grade 8 614 1.82±0.73 4.52±0.88 4.82±1.13 0.10±0.16
     Grade 9 309 1.87±0.71 4.32±0.86 4.72±1.00 0.11±0.17
    Region −2.450 0.014 4.238 <0.001 0.721 0.471 0.051 0.959
     Urban 2046 1.70±0.67 4.65±0.88 4.81±1.07 0.12±0.17
     Rural 962 1.77±0.70 4.50±0.88 4.78±1.04 0.12±0.17
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   各变量的描述性统计和相关矩阵(n=3026

    Table  2   Descriptive statistics and correlation matrix for each variable (n=3026)

    VScale r
    Ms1234567891011121314
    1 1.59 0.80 1
    2 1.78 0.89 0.783** 1
    3 1.88 0.86 0.532** 0.476** 1
    4 1.46 0.77 0.515** 0.474** 0.570** 1
    5 1.92 1.03 0.376** 0.379** 0.460** 0.437** 1
    6 1.72 0.68 0.753** 0.745** 0.808** 0.732** 0.725** 1
    7 4.80 1.06 −0.485** −0.509** −0.295** −0.253** −0.272** −0.432** 1
    8 4.60 0.88 −0.400** −0.380** −0.401** −0.403** −0.308** −0.482** 0.402** 1
    9 0.17 0.28 0.231** 0.262** 0.137** 0.072** 0.140** 0.202** −0.280** −0.105** 1
    10 0.08 0.17 0.174** 0.191** 0.111** 0.085** 0.107** 0.164** −0.190** −0.110** 0.462** 1
    11 0.11 0.19 0.193** 0.196** 0.127** 0.090** 0.165** 0.186** −0.257** −0.086** 0.632** 0.480** 1
    12 0.09 0.18 0.161** 0.156** 0.113** 0.091** 0.146** 0.163** −0.220** −0.119** 0.523** 0.387** 0.520** 1
    13 0.15 0.19 0.187** 0.179** 0.098** 0.061** 0.136** 0.156** −0.252** −0.081** 0.584** 0.464** 0.618** 0.680** 1
    14 0.12 0.17 0.243** 0.260** 0.142** 0.090** 0.174** 0.220** −0.305** −0.115** 0.827** 0.642** 0.784** 0.752** 0.846** 1
     1: mutuality; 2: communication; 3: conflict and harmony; 4: parental concern; 5: parental control; 6: family function; 7: emotional competence; 8: empathy; 9: withdrawal; 10: somatic complaints; 11: anxiety and depression; 12: delinquent behavior; 13: aggressive behavior; 14: internalizing and externalizing behaviors. M: mean; V: variable; ** P<0.01.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   模型的中介效应估计结果(n=3026

    Table  3   Results of the mediation effect analysis of the modele (n=3026)

    Effect typePoint estimateSEBootstrapping
    Bias-Corrected 95% CIPercentile 95% CI
    Indirect effect 1 0.004 0.005 −0.006-0.013 −0.006-0.014
    Indirect effect 2 0.042 0.006 0.031-0.057 0.030-0.056
    Indirect effect 3 0.010 0.002 0.007-0.014 0.007-0.013
    Total indirect effect 0.098 0.017 0.070-0.125 0.071 -0.127
    Direct effect 0.140 0.026 0.090-0.191 0.093-0.193
    Total effect 0.238 0.027 0.181-0.288 0.185-0.292
     Indirect effect 1: family function-empathy-internalizing and externalizing problem behavior; Indirect effect 2: family function-emotional competence-internalizing and externalizing problem behavior; Indirect effect 3: family function-empathy-emotional competence-internalizing and externalizing problem behavior. SE: standard error; CI: confidence interval.
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2023-10-15
  • 修回日期:  2024-01-02
  • 发布日期:  2024-01-19
  • 刊出日期:  2024-01-19

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