Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis. The prevalence and the incidence of OA have been continuously growing along with increased life expectancy and the emerging problem of an aging population around the global. Reported findings have confirmed that osteoarthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease and its major risk factors included genetic susceptibility, aging, and environmental factors. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of osteoarthritis remain unclear. Recent studies have shown that oral-gut microbes are associated with the onset and development of osteoarthritis and may provide new targets for osteoarthritis treatment. Herein, we reviewed the latest developments in research on the relationship between oral-gut microbes and the onset and development of osteoarthritis, with a view to creating new perspectives for further elucidation of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and exploration of effective treatments in the future.