Sources of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated in a Hospital in the Past Decade and Trends and Changes of in vitro Drug Susceptibility
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摘要:目的 了解近10年某院临床样本中肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae, KP)菌株的来源及体外药物敏感性,为KP相关感染的治疗提供临床依据。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月–2021年12月期间该院临床样本中KP的检出率、样本来源和对抗菌药物的体外敏感性,对比分析产超广谱β-内酰胺酶与非产酶株、亚胺培南耐药株与敏感株的耐药率,采用碳青霉烯酶抑制剂增强试验检测菌株的碳青霉烯酶型别。结果 从近10年来送检的1684668份临床样本中共分离到KP菌株34573株,占细菌分离株总数的14.6%。KP非重复株16888株,主要样本来源是痰液(10274/16888,60.8%)、血液(1913/16888,11.3%)和尿液(1876/16888,11.1%)。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶株的占比从2012年29.6%(409/1382)上升到2021年38.9%(967/2487),对抗菌药物的耐药率高于非产酶株(P<0.05)。亚胺培南耐药株的占比从2012年3.2%(44/1382)上升到2021年23.4%(583/2487),对抗菌药物的耐药率高于亚胺培南敏感株(P<0.05);产丝氨酸碳青霉烯酶菌株占91.1%(920/1010)。结论 从临床样本中分离的KP菌株对抗菌药物的耐药性呈上升趋势,应注意监测分离株的体外药物敏感性和碳青霉烯酶型别,以指导临床用药。Abstract:Objective To investigate the source of Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) isolated in a hospital in the past decade and the in vitro drug susceptibility, and to provide clinical references for the treatment of KP-associated infection.Methods The detection rate, the sources of the specimens, and in vitro susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of KP isolated from clinical specimens in a hospital between January 2012 and December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Resistance rate of the extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing isolates vs. that of the non-enzyme-producing ones, and the resistance rate of imipenem-resistant strains vs. that of imipenem-susceptible ones were compared and analyzed. Carbapenase inhibitor enhancement test was used to identify the types of the carbapenemases.Results In total, 34 573 strains of KP were isolated from 1 684 668 clinical specimens, accounting for 14.6% of bacterial isolates. There were 16 888 non-repeated strains of KP. The main specimen sources of the isolates were sputum (10 274/16 888, 60.8%), blood (1 913/16 888, 11.3%) and urine (1 876/16 888, 11.1%). The proportion of extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing isolates increased from 29.6% (409/1 382) in 2012 to 38.9% (967/2 487) in 2021, and the resistance rate to antimicrobial agents was higher than that of non-enzyme-producing ones (P<0.05). The proportion of imipenem-resistant strains increased from 3.2% (44/1 382) in 2012 to 23.4% (583/2 487) in 2021, and the resistance rate to antimicrobial agents was higher than that of imipenem-susceptible strains (P<0.05). Serine carbapenase-producing strains accounted for 91.1% (920/1010).Conclusion The resistance to antimicrobial agents of KP strains isolated from clinical specimens increased. It is necessary to monitor the in vitro drug susceptibility and the type of the carbapenemases of the isolates in order to provide guidance for the clinical usage of antibiotics.
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肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae, KP)是临床常见的病原菌之一,可引起肝脓肿、肺炎、泌尿道感染及血流感染等。近年来,产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended-spectrum β-lactamases, ESBL)和耐碳青霉烯类KP (carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, CRKP)在全球范围内呈上升趋势[1],已成为引起患者死亡的重要危险因素[2]。中国细菌耐药监测网(CHINET)监测数据显示,KP菌株中产ESBL菌株的占比从2005年39.0%上升到2020年44.8%,KP菌株对亚胺培南的耐药率从2005年的3.0%上升至2020年的23.2%[3]。由于不同地区的菌株耐药情况及来源分布不同[3-4],监测本地区KP菌株的分离情况和药物敏感性变迁,对于KP相关感染的诊治具有重要意义。因此,本研究回顾性分析近10年某院临床样本中KP的分离情况和对抗菌药物的体外敏感性变化,对比分析产ESBL与非产ESBL菌株、亚胺培南耐药株与敏感株的耐药率,筛查CRKP菌株的碳青霉烯酶型别,现报道如下。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 菌株来源
纳入该院2012年1月–2021年12月送检的临床标本中分离出的所有KP菌株;质控菌株及ATCC编号:阴沟/霍氏肠杆菌700323,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌17666,大肠埃希菌25922和35218,铜绿假单胞菌27853,肺炎克雷伯菌700603,均为该院临床微生物室保存菌株。本研究经四川大学华西医院生物医学伦理审查委员会批准(2020年审954号)。
1.2 仪器与试剂
全自动细菌鉴定及药敏仪(法国BioMerieux),基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱仪(德国Bruker),CO2培养箱(美国Thermo-Fisher)等仪器。
K-B法药敏纸片(美国Thermo-Fisher),微量肉汤稀释试剂条(温州康泰),E-test试剂条(郑州安图),3-氨基苯硼酸(上海麦克林)等试剂。
1.3 方法
1.3.1 菌株分离和鉴定
呼吸道、血液和尿液等细菌培养样本的操作流程按照临床检验技术规范,应用全自动细菌鉴定及药敏仪和/或基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱仪进行细菌菌种鉴定,具体步骤参照仪器操作规程进行。
1.3.2 体外药敏试验
使用全自动细菌鉴定及药敏仪、K-B法或E-test试剂条测试KP分离株对抗菌药物的体外敏感性,药敏结果解释参照CLSI M100-S31文件推荐的判断标准[5]。多黏菌素和替加环素的药敏方法和判断标准采用《多黏菌素类与替加环素及头孢他啶/阿维巴坦药敏方法和报告专家共识》[6]。CRKP定义为对亚胺培南、美罗培南、厄他培南或多尼培南任一种药物耐药的KP菌株[7]。
1.3.3 碳青霉烯酶型别检测
采用碳青霉烯酶抑制剂增强试验检测CRKP菌株产生的碳青霉烯酶型别,筛查菌株丝氨酸碳青霉烯酶及金属β-内酰胺酶的产生情况[8]。
1.3.4 统计学方法
采用WHONET 5.6软件对KP分离株的样本来源和药物敏感性结果进行统计分析。菌株对抗菌药物的耐药率对比分析采用卡方检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1 KP菌株的检出情况
2012年1月–2021年12月,共从1684668送检样本中分离到细菌236942株;其中KP菌株为34573株,检出率为2.1%,占细菌分离株总数的14.6%。各年度KP菌株的检出情况见表1。
表 1 2012–2021年肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率及其在细菌分离株中的占比Table 1. Detection rate and percentage of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the bacterial isolates from 2012 to 2021Year Number of
specimensNumber of bacterial isolates Number of KP
isolatesDetection rate
of KP/%Percentage of KP
in bacterial isolates/%2012 142148 18854 2411 1.7 12.8 2013 156403 20413 3159 2.0 15.5 2014 152324 17385 2203 1.4 12.7 2015 151796 12435 2000 1.3 16.1 2016 178391 18859 2422 1.4 12.8 2017 175436 19676 2944 1.7 15.0 2018 166765 23157 3473 2.1 15.0 2019 176441 26358 3737 2.1 14.2 2020 174478 46450 7167 4.1 15.4 2021 210486 33355 5057 2.4 15.2 2.2 KP菌株的样本来源
剔除分离于同一患者同一部位的重复菌株,KP非重复株16888株,主要样本来源为痰液(10274/16888,60.8%)、血液(1913/16888,11.3%)和尿液(1876/16888,11.1%),各年度KP菌株的样本来源情况见图1。
2.3 KP菌株对抗菌药物的体外敏感性
近10年该院KP菌株对抗菌药物的耐药率详见表2。产ESBL菌株的占比从2012年29.6%(409/1382)上升到2021年38.9%(967/2487),亚胺培南耐药菌株的占比从3.2%(44/1382)上升到23.4%(583/2487)。产ESBL菌株和亚胺培南耐药株的耐药率分别高于非产ESBL株和亚胺培南敏感株的耐药率(P<0.05),具体情况见表3。另外,近年该院测试了KP菌株对替加环素和多黏菌素B的体外药敏性,结果显示:KP菌株对替加环素和多黏菌素B的耐药率分别为0.4%(38/9854)和0.3%(57/16888)。
表 2 2012–2021年肺炎克雷伯菌对抗菌药物的耐药率Table 2. Antimicrobial agent resistance rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) from 2012 to 2021Antimicrobial agents 2012
(n=1382, %)2013
(n=1664, %)2014
(n=1219, %)2015
(n=1262, %)2016
(n=1507, %)2017
(n=1579, %)2018
(n=1794, %)2019
(n=1973, %)2020
(n=2021, %)2021
(n=2487, %)Amikacin 3.6 3.7 2.0 2.8 2.2 9.3 13.6 11.6 14.7 17.3 Gentamicin 21.4 20.7 18.5 20.4 18.9 24.9 25.3 25.1 23.8 25.7 Imipenem 3.2 2.0 1.4 2.4 2.7 10.4 16.6 15.0 18.2 23.4 Meropenem − − − − − 10.9 17.0 15.2 18.2 23.4 Etapenem − − − − − 11.1 17.8 15.9 18.5 23.7 Cefepime 13.1 10.9 8.6 10.8 13.0 20.2 21.8 21.3 23.0 27.7 Ceftazidime 28.1 28.9 25.5 27.8 28.9 37.2 35.3 36.1 36.1 36.9 Cefoperazone-sulbactam 3.3 2.6 2.1 3.1 4.0 14.1 18.5 17.6 19.3 24.0 Cefuroxime − − − − − 32.2 40.5 41.8 40.7 41.4 Piperacillin 30.4 31.4 − − − 45.9 44.5 45.2 45.1 46.4 Piperacillin-tazobactam 6.7 4.5 3.9 5.2 5.9 21.5 24.2 22.6 23.1 28.6 Ampicillin-sulbactam 34.3 38.0 33.4 36.0 32.9 45.2 43.1 44.8 43.0 45.3 Ciprofloxacin 25.6 25.9 24.1 28.0 29.7 40.5 41.4 40.0 38.2 41.8 Levofloxacin 16.1 17.5 15.9 19.4 19.4 29.6 32.0 31.8 30.5 36.4 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 29.7 30.0 27.2 31.2 30.0 35.1 31.8 31.6 27.3 32.1 −: Not available for the lack of these agents in the commercial kits. 表 3 2012–2021年肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBL与非产ESBL菌株、亚胺培南耐药株与敏感株对抗菌药物的耐药率Table 3. Animicrobial agent resistance rate of ESBL-producing vs. non-ESBL-producing and imipenem-resistant (IR) vs. imipenem-susceptible (IS) KP isolates to the antimicrobial agents from 2012 to 2021Antimicrobial agents ESBL-KP Non-ESBL-KP χ2/P IR-KP IS-KP χ2/P (n=5834, %) (n=11054, %) (n=1999, %) (n=14889, %) Amikacin 26.2 0.4 2896.266/<0.001 65.0 2.0 7704.49/<0.001 Gentamicin 60.5 3.6 6834.794/<0.001 75.4 16.1 3361.33/<0.001 Imipenem 31.8 0.3 3660.848/<0.001 100.0 0 15998/<0.001 Meropenem 32.2 1.1 1789.749/<0.001 100.0 1.4 8277.883/<0.001 Etapenem 38.8 1.9 2111.936/<0.001 100.0 3.2 7629.824/<0.001 Cefepime 32.4 0.1 4114.201/<0.001 94.9 8.1 8375.835/<0.001 Ceftazidime 33.1 1.2 3218.329/<0.001 97.2 12.9 6228.28/<0.001 Cefoperazone-sulbactam 32.0 0.4 1091.887/<0.001 80.3 4.0 4153.369/<0.001 Cefuroxime 67.1 3.3 4112.58/<0.001 100.0 14.0 4586.576/<0.001 Piperacillin 83.6 13.3 3892.273/<0.001 100.0 32.7 2205.326/<0.001 Piperacillin-tazobactam
42.82.4 4952.724/<0.001
100.05.3 10287.261/<0.001 Ampicillin-sulbactam
93.47.8 10255.975/<0.001
100.018.3
5302.347/<0.001Ciprofloxacin 80.9 10.6 8268.659/<0.001 100.0 26.6 3582.077/<0.001 Levofloxacin 66.0 5.5 8818.765/<0.001 100.0 17.3 4746.894/<0.001 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 71.5 10.3 6337.225/<0.001 69.0 26.1 1356.307/<0.001 2.4 CRKP菌株的碳青霉烯酶型别
对1010株CRKP菌株产生的碳青霉烯酶型别检测结果显示:2019年8–12月产丝氨酸碳青霉烯酶菌株的占比为87.6%(78/89),产金属β-内酰胺酶菌株的占比为11.2%(10/89),同时产丝氨酸碳青霉烯酶和金属β-内酰胺酶的菌株占比为1.1%(1/89);2020年度产丝氨酸碳青霉烯酶菌株的占比为87.1%(306/351),产金属β-内酰胺酶菌株的占比为11.7%(41/351),同时产丝氨酸碳青霉烯酶和金属β-内酰胺酶菌株的占比为1.1%(4/351);2021年度产丝氨酸碳青霉烯酶菌株的占比为94.0%(536/570),产金属β-内酰胺酶菌株占比为6.0%(34/570)。总之,该院近年分离到的CRKP菌株中产丝氨酸碳青霉烯酶菌株占比最高(920/1010,91.1%),产金属β-内酰胺酶菌株次之(85/1010,8.4%),同时产丝氨酸碳青霉烯酶和金属β-内酰胺酶的菌株极少(5/1010,0.5%)。
3. 讨论
近年来,临床样本中分离到的KP菌株对抗菌药物的耐药率呈现上升趋势,并且CRKP的占比显著上升,给临床治疗和院感防控带来严峻挑战,已成为全球关注的公共卫生问题之一[9]。分析本地区临床样本中KP菌株的分离来源和对抗菌药物的体外敏感性变化,对于KP相关感染的治疗有重要临床意义。本研究分析结果显示该院KP菌株在细菌分离株总数中的占比从2012年的12.8%上升至2021年的15.2%,中国CHINET监测网数据(https://www.chinets.com/Data)显示KP分离株在革兰阴性菌分离株中的占比从2012年的16.5%上升至2021年的19.8%;该院KP菌株的主要样本来源为痰液(60.8%)、血液(11.3%)和尿液(11.1%),提示应密切关注KP引起呼吸道系统、血液系统和泌尿系统感染的危险因素,特别是对于长期住院、免疫功能低下、有侵入性操作以及有使用β-内酰胺类抗生素治疗史的患者[10-11],因为这些患者往往自身免疫力较差、需要侵入性检查和治疗以及需要较长时间抗生素等,发生感染的风险增加[12]。手术治疗史和需要较长时间治疗患者,发生感染的风险也较高[13]。另外,KP是一种机会性病原菌,能够定植于鼻咽部的黏膜上皮,可入侵易感患者的肺部组织,所以KP在呼吸道样本中的检出率也较高[14]。因此,应密切关注KP相关感染的易感人群,及时采集疑似感染患者的合格样本,寻找感染的病原学依据。
KP菌株可产生ESBL,使其对头孢菌素和单环内酰胺产生抗药性;也可产生碳青霉烯酶,这使得其对几乎所有可用的β-内酰胺类产生耐药性[15]。2020年中国CHINET细菌耐药监测网报道:克雷伯菌属中产ESBL菌株的占比为44.8%,KP菌株对亚胺培南的耐药率从2005年的3.0%上升至2018年的25.0%[3]。该院分离的KP菌株中产ESBL菌株的占比从2012年29.6%(409/1382)到2021年38.9%(967/2487),亚胺培南耐药株的占比从2012年3.2%(44/1382)上升到2021年23.4%(583/2487);提示本地区KP耐药菌株的占比近年也呈现上升趋势,需要进一步关注和采取防控措施。有报道指出,产ESBL菌株感染患者的死亡率较高[16]。碳青霉烯类药物是治疗产ESBL菌株相关感染的常用药物,但近年CRKP相关感染的发病率也显著增加[17],并且CRKP感染患者的死亡率高于碳青霉烯敏感KP感染患者的死亡率[18]。因此,检测KP菌株对抗菌药物的体外敏感性,了解耐药菌株的分离情况,对感染患者的精准治疗是非常必要的。
同时,对于分离到的CRKP菌株,鉴别其产生的碳青霉烯酶型别可为制定感染治疗方案提供参考[19]。本研究分析结果显示:本地区CRKP菌株中产丝氨酸碳青霉烯酶菌株占绝大部分(91.1%)。另外,国内其它地区研究结果显示CRKP菌株中KPC-2型丝氨酸碳青霉烯酶检出率较高 [11],国外一些地区报道CRKP菌株中OXA-48型丝氨酸碳青霉烯酶占优势分布 [20]。值得关注的是,不同种类的抗菌药物对产不同型别碳青霉烯酶KP菌株的活性不同,例如:头孢他啶/阿维巴坦对产KPC和OXA-48型丝氨酸碳青霉烯酶菌株活性较高,但是对产金属β-内酰胺酶菌株无活性[21]。另外,实验室还可以依据菌株的体外药敏性和酶型检测结果,进行联合药敏试验(例如:美罗培南联合替加环素、庆大霉素、多黏菌素或磷霉素[22],头孢他啶/阿维巴坦联合氨曲南[23]等),为临床提供精准治疗方案。
综上所述,近年来从临床样本中分离的KP菌株对抗菌药物的耐药性呈现上升趋势,应重视KP菌株的体外敏感性监测,并对CRKP菌株进行碳青霉烯酶型别检测,为KP相关感染的精准治疗提供依据。
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利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
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表 1 2012–2021年肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率及其在细菌分离株中的占比
Table 1 Detection rate and percentage of Klebsiella pneumoniae in the bacterial isolates from 2012 to 2021
Year Number of
specimensNumber of bacterial isolates Number of KP
isolatesDetection rate
of KP/%Percentage of KP
in bacterial isolates/%2012 142148 18854 2411 1.7 12.8 2013 156403 20413 3159 2.0 15.5 2014 152324 17385 2203 1.4 12.7 2015 151796 12435 2000 1.3 16.1 2016 178391 18859 2422 1.4 12.8 2017 175436 19676 2944 1.7 15.0 2018 166765 23157 3473 2.1 15.0 2019 176441 26358 3737 2.1 14.2 2020 174478 46450 7167 4.1 15.4 2021 210486 33355 5057 2.4 15.2 表 2 2012–2021年肺炎克雷伯菌对抗菌药物的耐药率
Table 2 Antimicrobial agent resistance rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) from 2012 to 2021
Antimicrobial agents 2012
(n=1382, %)2013
(n=1664, %)2014
(n=1219, %)2015
(n=1262, %)2016
(n=1507, %)2017
(n=1579, %)2018
(n=1794, %)2019
(n=1973, %)2020
(n=2021, %)2021
(n=2487, %)Amikacin 3.6 3.7 2.0 2.8 2.2 9.3 13.6 11.6 14.7 17.3 Gentamicin 21.4 20.7 18.5 20.4 18.9 24.9 25.3 25.1 23.8 25.7 Imipenem 3.2 2.0 1.4 2.4 2.7 10.4 16.6 15.0 18.2 23.4 Meropenem − − − − − 10.9 17.0 15.2 18.2 23.4 Etapenem − − − − − 11.1 17.8 15.9 18.5 23.7 Cefepime 13.1 10.9 8.6 10.8 13.0 20.2 21.8 21.3 23.0 27.7 Ceftazidime 28.1 28.9 25.5 27.8 28.9 37.2 35.3 36.1 36.1 36.9 Cefoperazone-sulbactam 3.3 2.6 2.1 3.1 4.0 14.1 18.5 17.6 19.3 24.0 Cefuroxime − − − − − 32.2 40.5 41.8 40.7 41.4 Piperacillin 30.4 31.4 − − − 45.9 44.5 45.2 45.1 46.4 Piperacillin-tazobactam 6.7 4.5 3.9 5.2 5.9 21.5 24.2 22.6 23.1 28.6 Ampicillin-sulbactam 34.3 38.0 33.4 36.0 32.9 45.2 43.1 44.8 43.0 45.3 Ciprofloxacin 25.6 25.9 24.1 28.0 29.7 40.5 41.4 40.0 38.2 41.8 Levofloxacin 16.1 17.5 15.9 19.4 19.4 29.6 32.0 31.8 30.5 36.4 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 29.7 30.0 27.2 31.2 30.0 35.1 31.8 31.6 27.3 32.1 −: Not available for the lack of these agents in the commercial kits. 表 3 2012–2021年肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBL与非产ESBL菌株、亚胺培南耐药株与敏感株对抗菌药物的耐药率
Table 3 Animicrobial agent resistance rate of ESBL-producing vs. non-ESBL-producing and imipenem-resistant (IR) vs. imipenem-susceptible (IS) KP isolates to the antimicrobial agents from 2012 to 2021
Antimicrobial agents ESBL-KP Non-ESBL-KP χ2/P IR-KP IS-KP χ2/P (n=5834, %) (n=11054, %) (n=1999, %) (n=14889, %) Amikacin 26.2 0.4 2896.266/<0.001 65.0 2.0 7704.49/<0.001 Gentamicin 60.5 3.6 6834.794/<0.001 75.4 16.1 3361.33/<0.001 Imipenem 31.8 0.3 3660.848/<0.001 100.0 0 15998/<0.001 Meropenem 32.2 1.1 1789.749/<0.001 100.0 1.4 8277.883/<0.001 Etapenem 38.8 1.9 2111.936/<0.001 100.0 3.2 7629.824/<0.001 Cefepime 32.4 0.1 4114.201/<0.001 94.9 8.1 8375.835/<0.001 Ceftazidime 33.1 1.2 3218.329/<0.001 97.2 12.9 6228.28/<0.001 Cefoperazone-sulbactam 32.0 0.4 1091.887/<0.001 80.3 4.0 4153.369/<0.001 Cefuroxime 67.1 3.3 4112.58/<0.001 100.0 14.0 4586.576/<0.001 Piperacillin 83.6 13.3 3892.273/<0.001 100.0 32.7 2205.326/<0.001 Piperacillin-tazobactam
42.82.4 4952.724/<0.001
100.05.3 10287.261/<0.001 Ampicillin-sulbactam
93.47.8 10255.975/<0.001
100.018.3
5302.347/<0.001Ciprofloxacin 80.9 10.6 8268.659/<0.001 100.0 26.6 3582.077/<0.001 Levofloxacin 66.0 5.5 8818.765/<0.001 100.0 17.3 4746.894/<0.001 Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 71.5 10.3 6337.225/<0.001 69.0 26.1 1356.307/<0.001 -
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