Research Progress on the Biological Functions of Intestinal Eosinophils and Related Diseases

Intestinal eosinophils are multifunctional immune cells that play a crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and participating in various disease processes. Under physiological conditions, these cells contribute to maintaining intestinal barrier function, regulating local microbiota homeostasis, promoting tissue repair, and modulating local immune responses by secreting various cytokines and bioactive mediators, thereby playing an essential role in sustaining intestinal homeostasis. In pathological conditions, however, eosinophils can release cytotoxic proteins and pro-inflammatory mediators, contributing to the pathogenesis of various intestinal diseases. This paper systematically reviews the biological characteristics and functional diversity of intestinal eosinophils, as well as their mechanisms of action in diseases such as parasitic infections, inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal fibrosis, food allergy, eosinophilic enteritis, and functional bowel disorders, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical intervention of related diseases.