Clinical Management of Non-Variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) is defined as bleeding proximal to the ligament of Treitz in the absence of varices. As a common clinical problem, NVUGIB entails a heavy burden on the healthcare system. In addition to endoscopic hemostasis, evaluation and treatment before and after endoscopy are also of critical importance for the clinical management of NVUGIB patients. In recent years, based on the rapid development of endoscopic technology and clinical management of NVUGIB, the research evidence and clinical guidelines have been updated internationally, while some clinical decisions remain controversial. In this article, we mainly reviewed and discussed the current status of NVUGIB patient management before, during, and after endoscopy, aiming to deepen the understanding of the disease for clinicians, and to promote standardized management of patients with NVUGIB.