Effects of Geniposide on the Neuroinflammation in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Rat Model

  Objective  To investigate the effects and the mechanism of geniposide on the neuroinflammation occured in the neurodegeneration course of a chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rat model.

  Methods  Permanent bilateral common carotid arteries occlusions was performed to induce gradient cognitive deficit in rats. The sham group was used as control group. Then 18 rats that met the Screening Criteria were randomly selected 8 weeks post surgery, and were randomly divided into three groups, the 2-VO rats with saline solution group (2-VO+saline group), 2-VO rats with 50 mg/kg per day geniposide group (2-VO+G50) and 2-VO rats with 100 mg/kg per day geniposide group (2-VO+G100). All intervention groups were daily administered with geniposide or saline for 4 weeks. The sham-operated rats were administrated with saline. Then the rats were tested for Morris water maze to evaluate the memory and learning ability. Rats were sacrificed to obtain cortex and hippocampus tissues for HE staining and to detect expression level of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and the level of inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6.

  Results  The 2-VO+saline group rats showed significant longer escape latency and less percent time in target quadrant, compared with sham-operation group (P<0.05). The escape latency of 2-VO+G50 and 2-VO+G100 groups were shorter than the 2-VO+saline group (P<0.05), but still longer than the sham group (P<0.05), the percent time in target quadrant of which were more than the 2-VO+saline group and less than the sham group. However, there was no significant difference between these two groups. HE staining of sham group showed that neurons in the cortex and hippocampus lined up in order, cellar nucleus were big and globular. HE staining results showed that there were obviously neuoral cells loss, severe cytomorphosis, structural disappearance and nuclear fragmentation in the 2-VO+saline group. The 2-VO+G50 and 2-VO+G100 groups showed less neurodamage than the 2-VO+saline group with less neuoral cells loss, cytomorphosis and ambiguous nucleus. GFAP, iNOS, NF-κB were all highly expressed in the process of cognitive dysfunction in rats after chronic cerebral ischemia, however geniposide intervention (50 and 100 mg/kg per day) significantly decreased the expression of the above proteins. In addition, much more TNF-α and IL-6 were released in brain induced by chronic cerebral ischemia, and the levels were decreased after chronic geniposide oral treatment. No significant differences were detected between 2-VO+G50 and 2-VO+G100 groups.

  Conclusion  These findings demonstrated that geniposide significantly prevented cognition deterioration induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. Geniposide inhibited neuroinflammation occurred in the process of chronic cerebral ischemia probably via reducing iNOS and NF-κB expression and suppressing the release of inflammatory factor TNF-α and IL-6.