Clinical Characteristics of Aldosterone Producing Adenoma and Idiopathic Hyperaldosteronism with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome

  Objective  To investigate the clinical characteristics of aldosterone producing adenoma (APA) and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA) complicated with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and the effect of OSAHS on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in APA and IHA patients.

  Methods  The clinical data of 127 patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) diagnosed from May 2010 to Aug. 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 70 cases of APA, 53 cases of IHA. Another 4 cases were primary adrenal hyperplasia (PAH), so not included into further analysis. According to the results of polysomnography, the 123 patients of APA or IHA were divided into OSAHS group (96 cases) and non-OSAHS group (27 cases ). The patients with OSAHS were divided into mild, moderate and severe subgroups based on apnea hypopnea index (AHI).The clinical characteristics, biochemical parameters, plasma renin activity, aldosterone levels, and the ratio of aldosterone to renin activity (ARR) in the patients of APA and IHA complicated with OSAHS were compared with those of the patients without OSAHS.

  Results  There were 49 OSAHS cases (49/70, 70.0%) in APA patients. and 47 OSAHS cases (47/53, 88.7%) in IHA patients. The age, male ratio, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, triglyceride, blood uric acid, and blood creatinine in APA patients with OSAHS were higher than those in APA patients without OSAHS (P<0.05), while high-density lipoprotein and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were lower (P<0.05). Compared to the patients without OSAHS, IHA-OSAHS patients had higher BMI and waist circumference (P<0.05). Moderate/severe OSAHS-APA patients exhibited higher plasma renin activity levels and lower ARR values than the APA patients with no/mild OSAHS (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in plasma renin activity, aldosterone levels, and ARR values between moderate/severe OSAHS-IHA group and no/mild OSAHS-IHA group.

  Conclusion  The prevalence of OSAHS is significantly higher in the patients with PA than normal population, and OSAHS may aggravate glycose, lipid and uric acid metabolism in PA patients. Moderate/severe OSAHS can increase renin levels and decrease ARR values in APA patients, but has no significant effect on RAAS in IHA patients.