Current Applications and Future Prospects of Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery in Urology

In recent years, laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) has gained growing attention because, compared with conventional multiport laparoscopy, it offers superior cosmetic outcomes, reduced postoperative pain, and faster. However, LESS is technically more challenging and characterized by a steep learning curve. The introduction of robotic surgical systems offers new solutions to overcome the technical limitations of LESS, thereby promoting its further development. This article provides a review of the current applications of LESS in urology, with a focus on the technical progress, clinical outcomes, and challenges of robot-assisted LESS (R-LESS). Additionally, the future trends involving the integration of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, telesurgery, and medical big data are discussed.