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机械通气的休克患者肺部非重力依赖区超声评分与不良预后的相关性研究

曾学英, 尹万红, 邹同娟, 秦瑶, 李易, 周然, 丁乾容, 晁彦公, 金晓东

曾学英, 尹万红, 邹同娟, 等. 机械通气的休克患者肺部非重力依赖区超声评分与不良预后的相关性研究[J]. 四川大学学报(医学版), 2019, 50(6): 798-802.
引用本文: 曾学英, 尹万红, 邹同娟, 等. 机械通气的休克患者肺部非重力依赖区超声评分与不良预后的相关性研究[J]. 四川大学学报(医学版), 2019, 50(6): 798-802.
ZENG Xue-ying, YIN Wan-hong, ZOU Tong-juan, et al. Correlation Between the Severity of Lung Ultrasound Score in Non-gravity Dependent Areas and Poor Prognosis of Patients with Shock and on Mechanical Ventilation[J]. Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences), 2019, 50(6): 798-802.
Citation: ZENG Xue-ying, YIN Wan-hong, ZOU Tong-juan, et al. Correlation Between the Severity of Lung Ultrasound Score in Non-gravity Dependent Areas and Poor Prognosis of Patients with Shock and on Mechanical Ventilation[J]. Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences), 2019, 50(6): 798-802.

栏目: 重症超声核心技术与可视化诊疗核心技能

机械通气的休克患者肺部非重力依赖区超声评分与不良预后的相关性研究

基金项目: 

四川省卫生健康委员会科研课题 18PJ225

详细信息
    通讯作者:

    金晓东, E-mail:zh_jxd@163.com

Correlation Between the Severity of Lung Ultrasound Score in Non-gravity Dependent Areas and Poor Prognosis of Patients with Shock and on Mechanical Ventilation

More Information
  • 摘要:
      目的  探索肺部非重力依赖区(1~2区)超声异常是否和机械通气休克患者不良预后相关。
      方法  回顾性分析2016年4月至2017年11月181例休克患者肺部超声检查数据,按照28 d存活情况分为生存组与死亡组,通过单因素和多因素Cox回归分析肺部整体和各分区评分对28 d死亡的影响,Kaplan-Meier曲线分析肺部1~2区超声病变程度与28 d预后生存的关系。
      结果  最终纳入169例患者。其中男性106例(62.7%),女性63例(37.3%)。生存组90例,死亡组79例。单因素Cox回归分析发现,调整年龄、急性生理与慢性健康(APACHE)Ⅱ评分、乳酸水平、每小时尿量、使用血管活性药物情况、氧合指数前后,肺部整体(1~6区)、1~2区、3~4区超声评分均与28 d死亡相关。进一步行多因素Cox回归分析发现,仅肺部1~2区超声评分、APACHE Ⅱ、乳酸水平是28 d死亡的独立危险因素。Kaplan-Meier曲线发现,1~2区病变程度越重,28 d生存率越低。
      结论  机械通气休克患者肺部1~2区超声评分或可作为28 d不良预后的预测指标。

     

    Abstract:
      Objective  To explore whether ultrasound abnormalities in the non-gravity dependent areas (area 1-2) of the lungs are associated with poor prognosis in patients with shock and on mechanical ventilation.
      Methods  We retrospectively analyzed the data of lung ultrasound from 181 patients with shock from Apr. 2016 to Nov. 2017. The patients were divided into the survival group and the non-survival group according to the 28 d outcome. Single factor and multivariate Cox regression were used to analyze the relationship between lung ultrasound score of the overall and each area and the 28 d mortality.Kaplan-Meier curve was used to analyze the relationship between the severity of ultrasound lesions in area 1-2 and the prognosis at 28 d.
      Results  169 patients were included.There were 106 males (62.7%) and 63 females (37.3%).There were 90 patients in the survivel group and 79 patients in the non-survival group.Single factor Cox regression analysis found that adjusting the age, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) Ⅱ score, lactate level, urine output per hour, application of vasoactive agent, oxygenation index, lungs ultrasound score of area 1-6, area 1-2 and area 3-4 were associated with 28 d mortality. Multivariate Cox regression revealed that lung ultrasound score of area 1-2 was the independent risk factor of 28 d mortality, as well as APACHE Ⅱ score and lactate level. The Kaplan-Meier curve found that the more severe the lesion in area 1-2, the lower the survival rate at 28 d.
      Conclusion  Lung ultrasound score of area 1-2 in patients with shock and on mechanical ventilation may be a predictor of poor prognosis at 28 d.

     

  • 休克是重症医学科(ICU)中最常见的临床综合征之一,不论哪种类型的休克,均伴随全身炎症反应,以及肺部的渗漏增加,而机械通气又可加重肺的渗漏[1-3]。大部分ICU休克患者需要接受正压机械通气,气体和血液因而在肺内的分布呈重力依赖性;而与机械通气相伴的镇痛镇静、卧床等体位限制,加重了肺内气液分布的重力依赖性。重力依赖性气液分布异常已成为目前机械通气重症患者的一大难题。

    明确肺部气液分布需要可靠的检查手段,肺部超声检查可以很好解决这个难题。肺部超声的不同征象反映了肺部不同气水比例变化(即肺失充气的情况),可广泛用于肺部疾患的诊断、治疗效果评价和随访,且研究发现肺部超声改变和患者预后相关[4-10]。低垂部位(即重力依赖区)液体分布的超声结果难以排除重力影响,我们是否可以据此认为,非重力依赖区的病变是反映患者预后更好的指标?为探究肺部非重力依赖区超声异常与患者不良预后的相关性,本研究拟通过回顾分析机械通气的休克患者的肺部超声相关资料,进行肺部超声分区比较,现报道如下。

    本研究回顾性分析2016年4月至2017年11月入住四川大学华西医院重症医学科发生休克且6 h内进行了肺部超声检查的成年休克患者(≥18岁),剔除肺部超声资料不完整者(包括未检查或者因敷料覆盖等原因未能完整检查)、气胸(发现肺点,无法反映胸膜下真实病变)以及未带机患者。收集符合标准患者的姓名、年龄、性别、急性生理与慢性健康APACHE(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation)Ⅱ评分、平均动脉压、休克类型、来源科室等基本资料,以及患者住ICU时间、住院时间、28 d生存情况等预后指标。本研究数据来源于既往休克研究数据库,已通过四川大学华西医院伦理委员会批准(批准号201736)。

    本研究中所有患者采用的十二分区法[11-12](两侧胸骨旁线、腋前线、腋后线、脊柱旁线将胸部分为前、侧、后胸壁,每个胸壁再分为上下两个区,分别为1、2、3、4、5、6区,两侧共12个区)进行肺部超声检查,并对每个区域进行评分。评分标准[9, 11-12]:正常为0分(图 1A),少量B线为1分(图 1B),融合B线为2分(图 1C),实变为3分(图 1D),每个区按所得最差超声表现进行评分。两侧1~2区为非重力依赖区。若双侧对称出现2个及2个以上区域为B线则称之为超声肺间质综合征。根据患者肺部1~2区超声病变严重程度(肺气水比例变化)分为3组,分别为正常组(1~2区完全正常,如图 1A)、B模式组(1~2区散在区域出现B线,如图 1B)、超声肺间质综合征/实变组(1~2区出现超声肺间质综合征或者实变,如图 1C1D)。

    图  1  肺部超声不同征象
    Figure  1.  Different pattern of lung ultrasound
    A: Normal (presence of lung sliding with A lines or less than 2 isolated B lines); B: Moderate loss of lung aeration (multiple well-defined B lines); C: Severe loss of lung aeration (multiple abutting B lines); D: Lung consolidation (completely loss of aeration, presence of a tissue pattern or shred sign).For a given region of interest, points were allocated according to the worst ultrasound pattern observed

    以患者休克发生后28 d是否存活为界,分为生存组与死亡组。比较两组患者年龄、APACHE Ⅱ评分等基线指标,比较两组患者肺部超声评分,以单因素Cox回归分析、多因素Cox回归分析肺部各分区超声评分和28 d不良预后的相关性。以Kaplan-Meire曲线分析患者肺部1~2区超声病变严重程度对患者生存的影响。

    计量资料符合正态分布者用x±s表示,采用t检验;非正态分布者用中位数(四分位间距)表示,采用Mann-Whitney U检验进行组间比较;计数资料采用例数及百分比描述,采用卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法进行组间比较。用单因素Cox回归分析、多因素Cox回归分析和Kaplan-Meire曲线分析相关性。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

    本研究共筛查181例休克患者,其中6例因肺部超声数据不完整、4例因发现肺点、2例带机予以剔除,最后169例进入统计分析。其中男性106例(62.7%),女性63例(37.3%),平均APACHE Ⅱ评分为(23.5±8.7)分。生存组90例,死亡组79例,两组比较发现,死亡组较生存组平均年龄更大、APACHE Ⅱ评分更高、乳酸水平更高、每小时尿量及氧合指数更低、血管活性药物使用率更高、住ICU及住院时间更短,死亡组肺部整体(1~6区)、1~2区、3~4区、5~6区超声评分更高,而两组间性别、心率、平均动脉压、来源科室、休克类型差异无统计学意义,具体见表 1

    表  1  患者基本资料及生存组、死亡组资料的比较
    Table  1.  Baseline characteristics of the study population and the comparison of survival group and non-survival group
    Item Total(n=169) Survival group (n=90) Non-survival group (n=79) P
    Age/yr. 57.8±18.1 54.0±19.0 62.1±16.2 0.003
    Sex 0.621
      Male/case (%) 106 (62.7) 58 (64.4) 48 (60.8)
      Female/case (%) 63 (37.3) 32 (35.6) 31 (39.2)
    Heart rate/min-1 117.5±24.4 114.3±25.1 121.2±23.2 0.064
    Mean arterial pressure/mmHg 79.6±15.6 80.4±16.2 78.6±14.9 0.447
    APACHE Ⅱ score 23.5±8.7 20.5±7.6 27.0±8.6 0.000
    Lactate/(mmol/L),median (P25, P75) 3.4 (2.1,6.8) 2.7 (1.7,3.8) 4.5 (2.4,10.2) 0.000
    Urine output per hour/(mL/h),median (P25, P75) 50.0 (20.0,90.0) 50.0 (30.0,102.5) 40.0 (5.0,70.0) 0.009
    Oxygenation index/mmHg,median (P25, P75) 188.0 (125.2,268.0) 197.8 (153.4,270.1) 165.2 (98.3,263.0) 0.011
    Application of vasoactive agent/ case (%) 150 (88.8) 75 (83.3) 75 (94.9) 0.017
    Lung ultrasound score/median (P25, P75)
      Area 1-2 1.0 (0, 4.0) 0 (0,3.3) 2.0 (0,7.0) 0.002
      Area 3-4 8.0 (4.0, 10.0) 6.0 (4.0,9.0) 8.0 (6.0,11.0) 0.003
      Area 5-6 8.0 (6.0, 10.0) 7.0 (5.0,9.0) 8.0 (6.0,10.0) 0.004
      Area 1-6 18.0 (11.0,24.0) 14.0 (9.0,20.3) 20.0 (12.0,27.0) 0.000
    Source of department/case (%) 0.329
      Emergency 69 (40.8) 33 (36.7) 36 (45.6)
      Medical 26 (15.4) 12 (13.3) 14 (17.7)
      Surgical 70 (41.4) 42 (46.7) 28 (35.4)
      Others 4 (2.4) 3 (3.3) 1 (1.3)
    Type of shock/case (%) 0.101
      Hypovolemic 52 (30.8) 32 (35.6) 20 (25.3)
      Cardiogenic 12 (7.1) 4 (4.4) 8 (10.1)
      Obstructive 2 (1.2) 2 (2.2) 0 (0)
      Distributive 103 (60.9) 52 (57.8) 51 (64.6)
    ICU length of stay/d,median (P25, P75) 15.0 (7.0,28.0) 19.0 (10.0,38.3) 17.0 (5.0,20.0) 0.000
    Hospital length of stay/d,median (P25, P75) 23.0 (13.0,38.0) 31.5 (19.0,52.0) 15.0 (6.0,25.0) 0.000
    Length of mechanical ventilation/h,median (P25, P75) 168.0 (92.0,380.5) 192.5 (96.0,415.0) 146.0 (87.0,316.0) 0.156
    1 mmHg=0.133 kPa
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    单因素Cox回归分析发现,调整前,肺部1~2区、3~4区、5~6区、1~6区超声评分与28 d死亡相关。调整年龄、APACHE Ⅱ评分、乳酸水平、每小时尿量、使用血管活性药物、氧合指数后,肺部1~2区、3~4区、1~6区超声评分与28 d死亡相关,而5~6区超声评分与28 d死亡不相关。见表 2

    表  2  调整前后肺部各区超声异常与28 d死亡相关的单因素Cox回归分析
    Table  2.  Risk factors of 28 d mortality related to lung ultrasound before and after adjusted
    Lung ultrasound score Before adjusted After adjusted*
    RR (95%CI) P RR (95%CI) P
    Area 1-2 1.124 (1.051,1.201) 0.001 1.093 (1.017,1.176) 0.016
    Area 3-4 1.101 (1.032,1.174) 0.003 1.081 (1.009,1.157) 0.027
    Area 5-6 1.131 (1.037,1.233) 0.005 1.069 (0.975,1.173) 0.156
    Area 1-6 1.052 (1.023,1.082) 0.000 1.040 (1.008,1.073) 0.014
    * Adjustments are made according to age,APACHE Ⅱ score,lactate,urine output per hour and oxygenation index; RR: Relative risk; CI: Confidence interval
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    纳入年龄(以1岁为1档)、APACHE Ⅱ评分(连续变量)、乳酸水平(以1 mmol/L为1档)、每小时尿量(以1 mL/h为1档)、使用血管活性药物(是=1,否=0)、氧合指数(连续变量),以及肺部1~2区、3~4区、1~6区超声评分(连续变量),进一步采用多因素Cox回归分析显示,APACHE Ⅱ评分、乳酸水平和肺部1~2区超声评分是28 d死亡的危险因素,APACHE Ⅱ评分越高、乳酸水平越高、肺部1~2区超声评分越高,则28 d死亡风险越大。见表 3

    表  3  与28 d死亡相关的指标多因素Cox回归分析
    Table  3.  Multivariate Cox regression model of 28 d mortality
    Risk factor RR (95%CI) P
    Age 1.005 (0.992,1.018) 0.451
    APACHE Ⅱ 1.055 (1.027,1.084) 0.000
    Lactate 1.103 (1.062,1.145) 0.000
    Urine output per hour 0.997 (0.992,1.001) 0.135
    Application of vasoactive agent 0.484 (0.175,1.337) 0.162
    Oxygenation index 1.000 (0.998,1.002) 0.896
    Lung ultrasound score of area 1-2 1.103 (1.029,1.183) 0.006
    Lung ultrasound score of area 3-4 1.055 (0.978,1.139) 0.168
    Lung ultrasound score of area 1-6 0.956 (0.837,1.093) 0.514
    RR: Relative risk; CI: Confidence interval
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    对患者肺部1~2区不同病变程度(其中正常组74例,B模式组37例,超声肺间质综合征/实变组58例)进行生存分析绘制Kaplan-Meire生存曲线发现,肺部1~2区超声病变程度越重,患者28 d生存率越低(P=0.014),见图 2

    图  2  肺部1~2区不同程度超声异常的生存分析
    Figure  2.  Survival analysis for different lung ultrasound pattern of area 1-2

    已有研究证实,肺部超声整体评分和患者预后相关[7-8, 10-13],本研究也发现两组患者肺部1~6区超声评分差异有统计学意义,死亡组肺部超声总体评分更高。进一步行单因素Cox分析,发现肺部1~6区超声评分在调整前后均与28 d生存相关。但是多因素Cox分析剔除了肺部1~6区超声评分。这说明与上述文献相反,肺部整体超声评分不是反映患者预后的良好指标。我们必须寻找更为细致、有力的预后指标。

    于是我们进一步将肺部1~6区划分为3个亚组:1~2区、3~4区、5~6区,进一步筛选。单因素Cox分析中,调整前,肺部3个分区超声评分均与28 d生存相关;但调整后肺部5~6区超声评分被剔除。进一步行多因素Cox分析,肺部3~4区超声评分也被剔除,说明重力依赖区病变难以反映肺部整体病变真实情况,与既往研究相符[4, 7, 9]。而单因素和多因素Cox分析均肯定肺部1~2区超声评分为28 d死亡的危险因素,是良好的预后相关预测指标。由于受重力的影响较小,肺部1~2区异常更能反映肺部的原发受损情况。LICHTENSTEIN等[14]和PATEL等[15]发现前胸壁(非重力依赖区)肺部超声改变联合其他部位筛查可快速、准确的帮助明确90%以上急性呼吸困难的诊断。BOUHEMAD等[12]在使用床旁超声观察急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者肺复张效果的研究中也发现,肺失充气(肺实变和B线)主要发生在重力依赖区,通过呼气末正压通气(PEEP)进行肺复张时,重力依赖区的肺更难以复张,非重力依赖区肺复张效果更明显。

    我们进一步细化,根据患者肺部1~2区超声病变严重程度(肺气水比例变化)分为3组,分析其对患者生存的影响。Kaplan-Meire生存曲线发现,肺部1~2区超声病变程度越重,28 d生存率越低。这说明在非重力依赖区,肺气水比例变化对患者28 d死亡影响不同。非重力依赖区肺部超声病变严重程度反映了肺失充气的程度,即水肿的严重程度,而后者和渗漏有关,继而反映了休克患者全身炎症反应的严重程度[9, 11-12, 16-17],其对病情严重程度及预后评估的价值值得我们在后期工作中进一步研究证实。

    本研究发现性别、心率、平均动脉压、来源科室、休克类型均不影响患者28 d生存,这与已有研究发现相似[4, 13, 18]。但是,本研究肺部超声异常比例(97%)较以往数据[13, 18]更高,可能因为本组研究对象均为休克患者,且其中分布性休克比例高(60.9%),肺部渗漏明显,并且包含部分心源性和梗阻性休克患者,导致肺部静水压增高,从而导致肺部超声异常的比例较高。本研究中,死亡组患者平均年龄更大,APACHE Ⅱ评分、乳酸水平更高,每小时尿量、氧合指数更低,病情重,其住ICU及住院时间更短。本研究发现,除肺部1~2区超声评分以外,APACHE Ⅱ评分、乳酸也是患者28 d死亡的独立危险因素,和目前普遍接受的经典的影响休克患者预后的临床指标一致[19]

    本研究仍存在一定局限性。本研究为回顾性研究,易出现信息偏倚以及资料不完整。我们研究的是肺部1~2区超声改变和预后的关系,由于研究对象为休克患者,循环相关问题(如舒张功能异常)也可能会对肺部超声产生影响,而本研究未对心脏超声结果进行分析,可能对结果造成一定影响。

    综上,较以往关注整体肺部超声评分和预后的研究而言,本研究考虑到重力依赖对机械通气休克患者的影响对总体肺部超声评分产生的偏倚,进一步细化,聚焦于非重力依赖区肺部超声异常对不良预后的影响,发现对于机械通气的休克重症患者而言,非重力依赖区(即1~2区)肺部超声评分与患者28 d不良结局相关,临床上或可用其预测患者预后生存情况,值得进一步研究。

  • 图  1   肺部超声不同征象

    Figure  1.   Different pattern of lung ultrasound

    A: Normal (presence of lung sliding with A lines or less than 2 isolated B lines); B: Moderate loss of lung aeration (multiple well-defined B lines); C: Severe loss of lung aeration (multiple abutting B lines); D: Lung consolidation (completely loss of aeration, presence of a tissue pattern or shred sign).For a given region of interest, points were allocated according to the worst ultrasound pattern observed

    图  2   肺部1~2区不同程度超声异常的生存分析

    Figure  2.   Survival analysis for different lung ultrasound pattern of area 1-2

    表  1   患者基本资料及生存组、死亡组资料的比较

    Table  1   Baseline characteristics of the study population and the comparison of survival group and non-survival group

    Item Total(n=169) Survival group (n=90) Non-survival group (n=79) P
    Age/yr. 57.8±18.1 54.0±19.0 62.1±16.2 0.003
    Sex 0.621
      Male/case (%) 106 (62.7) 58 (64.4) 48 (60.8)
      Female/case (%) 63 (37.3) 32 (35.6) 31 (39.2)
    Heart rate/min-1 117.5±24.4 114.3±25.1 121.2±23.2 0.064
    Mean arterial pressure/mmHg 79.6±15.6 80.4±16.2 78.6±14.9 0.447
    APACHE Ⅱ score 23.5±8.7 20.5±7.6 27.0±8.6 0.000
    Lactate/(mmol/L),median (P25, P75) 3.4 (2.1,6.8) 2.7 (1.7,3.8) 4.5 (2.4,10.2) 0.000
    Urine output per hour/(mL/h),median (P25, P75) 50.0 (20.0,90.0) 50.0 (30.0,102.5) 40.0 (5.0,70.0) 0.009
    Oxygenation index/mmHg,median (P25, P75) 188.0 (125.2,268.0) 197.8 (153.4,270.1) 165.2 (98.3,263.0) 0.011
    Application of vasoactive agent/ case (%) 150 (88.8) 75 (83.3) 75 (94.9) 0.017
    Lung ultrasound score/median (P25, P75)
      Area 1-2 1.0 (0, 4.0) 0 (0,3.3) 2.0 (0,7.0) 0.002
      Area 3-4 8.0 (4.0, 10.0) 6.0 (4.0,9.0) 8.0 (6.0,11.0) 0.003
      Area 5-6 8.0 (6.0, 10.0) 7.0 (5.0,9.0) 8.0 (6.0,10.0) 0.004
      Area 1-6 18.0 (11.0,24.0) 14.0 (9.0,20.3) 20.0 (12.0,27.0) 0.000
    Source of department/case (%) 0.329
      Emergency 69 (40.8) 33 (36.7) 36 (45.6)
      Medical 26 (15.4) 12 (13.3) 14 (17.7)
      Surgical 70 (41.4) 42 (46.7) 28 (35.4)
      Others 4 (2.4) 3 (3.3) 1 (1.3)
    Type of shock/case (%) 0.101
      Hypovolemic 52 (30.8) 32 (35.6) 20 (25.3)
      Cardiogenic 12 (7.1) 4 (4.4) 8 (10.1)
      Obstructive 2 (1.2) 2 (2.2) 0 (0)
      Distributive 103 (60.9) 52 (57.8) 51 (64.6)
    ICU length of stay/d,median (P25, P75) 15.0 (7.0,28.0) 19.0 (10.0,38.3) 17.0 (5.0,20.0) 0.000
    Hospital length of stay/d,median (P25, P75) 23.0 (13.0,38.0) 31.5 (19.0,52.0) 15.0 (6.0,25.0) 0.000
    Length of mechanical ventilation/h,median (P25, P75) 168.0 (92.0,380.5) 192.5 (96.0,415.0) 146.0 (87.0,316.0) 0.156
    1 mmHg=0.133 kPa
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   调整前后肺部各区超声异常与28 d死亡相关的单因素Cox回归分析

    Table  2   Risk factors of 28 d mortality related to lung ultrasound before and after adjusted

    Lung ultrasound score Before adjusted After adjusted*
    RR (95%CI) P RR (95%CI) P
    Area 1-2 1.124 (1.051,1.201) 0.001 1.093 (1.017,1.176) 0.016
    Area 3-4 1.101 (1.032,1.174) 0.003 1.081 (1.009,1.157) 0.027
    Area 5-6 1.131 (1.037,1.233) 0.005 1.069 (0.975,1.173) 0.156
    Area 1-6 1.052 (1.023,1.082) 0.000 1.040 (1.008,1.073) 0.014
    * Adjustments are made according to age,APACHE Ⅱ score,lactate,urine output per hour and oxygenation index; RR: Relative risk; CI: Confidence interval
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   与28 d死亡相关的指标多因素Cox回归分析

    Table  3   Multivariate Cox regression model of 28 d mortality

    Risk factor RR (95%CI) P
    Age 1.005 (0.992,1.018) 0.451
    APACHE Ⅱ 1.055 (1.027,1.084) 0.000
    Lactate 1.103 (1.062,1.145) 0.000
    Urine output per hour 0.997 (0.992,1.001) 0.135
    Application of vasoactive agent 0.484 (0.175,1.337) 0.162
    Oxygenation index 1.000 (0.998,1.002) 0.896
    Lung ultrasound score of area 1-2 1.103 (1.029,1.183) 0.006
    Lung ultrasound score of area 3-4 1.055 (0.978,1.139) 0.168
    Lung ultrasound score of area 1-6 0.956 (0.837,1.093) 0.514
    RR: Relative risk; CI: Confidence interval
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2019-09-18
  • 修回日期:  2019-10-22
  • 网络出版日期:  2021-03-16
  • 发布日期:  2019-11-19

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