Abstract: Myopia is a global public health challenge. It is projected that the myopia rate in China will reach 80% by 2050, which will cause visual impairment, psychological problems, and economic burdens. The effective prevention and control of myopia are critical for improving the health of children and adolescents and reducing socioeconomic burdens. The existing myopia prevention and control strategies include individual interventions and school-based group interventions, which have shown remarkable results. However, limitations such as insufficient compliance, high technical costs, and regional differences have limited their effects. The policy-advocated five-in-one prevention and control system (consisting of the government, schools, families, health care, and society) faces challenges in effectively integrating multi-field strategies due to poor interdepartmental coordination, uneven resource distribution, and the lack of assessment mechanisms. Through a systematic literature review, this paper examines research on myopia prevention and control across multiple fields such as medicine, education, technology, and policy. Based on the micro, meso, and macro perspectives of the Social Ecological Systems Theory (SET), the advantages and limitations of strategies are analyzed, and optimization pathways are explored.