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锚钉缝线桥技术对膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的临床疗效

褚秀成, 李艳花, 郑艳青, 李月美, 王凤丽

褚秀成, 李艳花, 郑艳青, 等. 锚钉缝线桥技术对膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的临床疗效[J]. 四川大学学报(医学版), 2024, 55(4): 1020-1025. DOI: 10.12182/20240760106
引用本文: 褚秀成, 李艳花, 郑艳青, 等. 锚钉缝线桥技术对膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的临床疗效[J]. 四川大学学报(医学版), 2024, 55(4): 1020-1025. DOI: 10.12182/20240760106
CHU Xiucheng, LI Yanhua, ZHENG Yanqing, et al. Clinical Efficacy of Anchor Suture Bridge Technique for Avulsion Fractures of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament Tibial Insertion Point in the Knee Joint[J]. Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences), 2024, 55(4): 1020-1025. DOI: 10.12182/20240760106
Citation: CHU Xiucheng, LI Yanhua, ZHENG Yanqing, et al. Clinical Efficacy of Anchor Suture Bridge Technique for Avulsion Fractures of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament Tibial Insertion Point in the Knee Joint[J]. Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences), 2024, 55(4): 1020-1025. DOI: 10.12182/20240760106

锚钉缝线桥技术对膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的临床疗效

详细信息
    通讯作者:

    王凤丽: E-mail:853906874@qq.com

Clinical Efficacy of Anchor Suture Bridge Technique for Avulsion Fractures of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament Tibial Insertion Point in the Knee Joint

More Information
  • 摘要:
    目的 

    研究锚钉缝线桥技术在治疗膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折方面的临床效果。

    方法 

    回顾我科自2010年2月–2023年12月在我院接受锚钉缝线桥技术治疗的膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的80例患者。从手术后3个月开始随访,每3个月随访1次,随访至术后12个月。分析每位患者的临床及随访资料,通过比较和分析入院手术前膝关节功能Lysholm评分和HSS评分和术后最后1次随访膝关节功能评分,观察其手术治疗效果。

    结果 

    80例患者在术后接受了(12.16±1.08)个月的随访,复查X片显示所有骨折都已愈合,愈合时间为(3.66±0.51)个月,所有患者均恢复良好,术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,并且没有出现神经血管损伤、皮肤坏死、切口感染、骨折移位或韧带松弛等并发症。手术后,患者的膝关节Lysholm评分和HSS评分均高于手术前,截至末次随访,Lysholm评分由术前的(46.30±6.10)分升至(90.85±3.27)分,HSS评分由术前的(45.30±5.80)分升至(91.15±2.66)分,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.025)。

    结论 

    锚钉缝线桥技术在治疗膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折方面具有确切的疗效,无严重的术后并发症发生,术后膝关节功能恢复良好,安全性较高,具有良好的临床效果。

     

    Abstract:
    Objective 

    To investigate the clinical efficacy of the anchor suture bridge technique in treating avulsion fractures at the tibial insertion point of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in the knee joint.

    Methods 

    In this study, we reviewed 80 patients with PCL tibial avulsion fractures treated using the anchor suture bridge technique in our department from February 2010 to December 2023. Follow-ups were conducted starting at 3 months post-surgery, then every 3 months until 12 months post-surgery. Clinical and follow-up data of each patient were analyzed. The Lysholm and Hospital for Special Surgery Knee-Rating Scale (HSS) scores of knee function before surgery and at the last follow-up were compared to assess the surgical treatment outcome.

    Results 

    The 80 patients were followed up for an average of (12.16±1.08) months post-surgery. Re-examination X-rays showed that all fractures had healed, with an average healing time of (3.66±0.51) months. All patients recovered well, with primary healing of surgical incisions and no complications such as neurovascular injury, skin necrosis, incision infection, fracture displacement, or ligament laxity. Postoperative knee Lysholm and HSS scores were significantly higher than preoperative scores. At the last follow-up, the Lysholm score increased from (46.30±6.10) preoperatively to (90.85±3.27), and the HSS score increased from (45.30±5.80) to (91.15±2.66), with statistically significant differences (P<0.025).

    Conclusion 

    The anchor suture bridge technique is effective in treating avulsion fractures of the PCL tibial insertion point in the knee joint. It has a high safety profile and leads to good postoperative knee function recovery, with no serious postoperative complications, demonstrating excellent clinical efficacy.

     

  • 在医疗实践中,临床医生经常遇到膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨端撕裂骨折的情况,这通常是因体育活动或者交通事故所致。有些患者的受伤力度非常大,导致与之相连的大型骨碎片一同被撕离,影像学检查也会发现这些大型骨碎片的存在及其明显的移动情况。单纯的后交叉韧带胫骨止点损伤可采用非手术治疗,对于后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折伴移位的患者需要及时手术复位和内固定治疗。手术治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的原则是实现解剖复位和恢复韧带张力,目前主要有切开复位内固定和关节镜下内固定两种手术方式[1]。针对这种状况,医生一般会选择通过开放式修复技术使用钢板或空心拉力螺钉来稳定撕裂的骨碎片。然而,因为必须二次手术以去除内部固定装置,这对患者来说无疑是一种额外的伤害,特别是在第二次手术时,由于组织的黏附作用,容易引发腘动静脉和胫神经的损害,增加手术风险,并增加患者痛苦,造成患者的经济损失。鉴于此,本科室首创锚钉缝线桥技术治疗膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折[2],类似肩袖撕裂的缝合技术,开放切口并于直视下进行撕脱骨折复位,双排锚钉缝合固定,再利用锚钉缝线进行桥接固定。该技术具有固定牢固、无需二次手术等优势,患者预后好。现报道如下。

    收集2010年2月–2023年12月在我院接受治疗的膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的80例患者,其中男性50例,女性30例;年龄25~53岁,平均(31.82±3.92)岁;其中有59例左侧骨折,21例右侧骨折。创伤原因包括交通事故(49例)和体育活动(31例)。纳入标准:①具有明显的后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折现象,并且其骨折位置发生了移动,导致后交叉韧带失去了应有的拉伸能力;②排除同时伴随半月板撕裂或前交叉韧带撕裂、内侧或外侧副韧带受损等情况的患者;③皮肤条件良好,无皮肤破损,后抽屉测试结果呈阳性;④所有患者均知情同意并签署知情同意书。不符合上述条件者则被剔除。本研究经本院医学伦理委员会审批,批准号DYYX-2024-038。

    麻醉方式采用椎管内麻醉或者全身麻醉,患者俯卧于手术台上,应用质量分数为5%碘酊及体积分数为75%酒精皮肤消毒,铺单,手术切口采用腘窝处“S”形切口,按解剖层次依次切开,充分暴露胫骨平台后缘及后交叉韧带附着点撕脱骨折处[3],生理盐水彻底冲洗,冲洗到骨折碎渣及凝血块,用巾钳提起撕脱骨折块,于胫骨撕脱骨折处近端以远约0.5 cm打入1枚内排4.5 mm Healix缝线锚钉(锚钉购自Depuy Mitek德培依运动医学股份有限公司),后用皮针将4根锚钉线从骨折块近端穿出,然后将4根锚钉线穿入1枚外排4.75 mm Healix免打结缝线锚钉,于胫骨撕脱骨折处远端以远约0.5 cm打入外排锚钉,对骨折块进行复位后收紧锚钉线后锁紧固定,达到解剖复位,结束手术关闭切口(图1)。

    图  1  骨折内固定
    Figure  1.  Internal fixation of fractures
    A, Inserting the inner row of anchors; B, punching into the outer row anchors; C, after the suture bridge is fixed.

    在48 h内对膝盖实施冰敷,每间隔1 h实施30 min的冰敷。从手术当日开始,就要穿戴可以调节的支撑设备,将其设定为完全伸展的位置(即零度)。一旦麻药消退,立即启动膝关节的功能练习,包括先解开支撑设备然后尽量弯曲和拉伸膝盖。每日执行两次至三次,并且保持其角度在0°~90°。第2天,可以在穿着膝关节支撑设备的前提下进行步行负荷的活动。需要注意的是,在步行的过程中一定要确保支撑设备被牢固系住,以防止由于扭伤导致的重建韧带松动或者重新撕裂,从而引发手术失败。此外,还需采取一些手段来降低深静脉血栓的发生风险以及减少肌肉的废用性萎缩,例如在麻醉结束后尽快让受伤部位活跃起来,如做大腿肌肉的静态收缩、脚部踝部的旋转运动以及直立抬起双腿的动作等。为防止肌肉萎缩和关节粘连,在术后第2天至术后4周内可每天最大限度行屈膝功能训练,屈曲角度控制在90°以内,达到快速康复的目的。膝关节支具佩戴8~12周,康复期间行膝关节肌肉力量强化训练及膝关节屈伸功能锻炼,12周内膝关节功能达到损伤前水平。

    80例患者在术后接受了(12.16±1.08)个月的随访,每3个月随访1次,在患者最后1次随访时给予功能评价,观察其治疗效果。运用膝关节Lysholm、HSS评分对入院后手术前第1次功能评分和最后1次随访时功能评分进行分析,观察膝关节活动度,有无红肿、关节僵直等功能障碍。膝关节Lysholm评分[3]及HSS[4]评分,总分100分,得分在70分以下代表膝关节功能恢复不佳。包含关节肿痛、屈伸功能、膝关节活动幅度、膝周肌肉力量、畸形、关节稳定性等,膝关节恢复越好,其得分就越高,恢复越佳。

    运用SPSS23. 0统计学软件进行数据分析,数据采用$\bar x\pm s $表示。采用t检验,考虑多重假设检验中Ⅰ型错误,通过bonferroni校正,P<0. 025为差异有统计学意义。

    80例患者手术时间30~60 min,平均45 min;术中出血10~20 mL,平均15 mL;住院时间5~8 d,平均7.5 d。所有患者都进行了完整而系统的随访,随访时限为(12.16±1.08)个月,骨折达到骨性愈合,愈合时间为(3.66±0.51)个月,未出现手术切口感染、血管损伤、神经损伤及深静脉血栓形成等严重并发症,无骨折移位及愈合不良、后交叉韧带张力松弛等情况发生,术后影像学检查无异常,膝关节功能恢复术前水平。典型病例见图2图3

    图  2  患者1,男性,37岁,不慎摔伤左膝,诊断为后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折,锚钉缝线桥技术给予手术固定,恢复好,无并发症
    Figure  2.  Case 1, male, 37 years old, accidentally fell and injured his left knee, diagnosed with avulsion fracture of tibial insertion point of posterior cruciate ligament, treated with anchor suture bridge technique, and recovered well without complications
    A and B, Preoperative X-ray; C and D, preoperative 3D CT scan; E and F, preoperative MRI; G and H, postoperative X-ray.
    图  3  患者2,女性,71岁,摔伤致后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折,锚钉缝线桥技术给予手术固定,恢复好,无并发症
    Figure  3.  Case 2, female, 71 years old. Avulsion fracture of tibial insertion point of posterior cruciate ligament caused by fall injury, treated with anchor suture bridge technique, and recovered well without complications
    A, Preoperative X-ray; B-D, preoperative 3D CT scan; E-G, preoperative MRI; H, postoperative X-ray.

    80例患者治疗前膝关节Lysholm评分为(46.30±6.10)分,治疗后膝关节功能恢复良好,Lysholm评分总分均在84分以上,平均(90.85±3.27)分,其中75例患者总分在95分以上(占93.75%)。治疗后Lysholm评分总分及每项指标的得分均高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.025)。见表1

    表  1  80例患者治疗前后膝关节Lysholm评分对比
    Table  1.  Comparison of Lysholm scores of knee joints before and after treatment in 80 patients
    Time Limp Support Noose Pain Swelling Instability Stair climbing Squatting
    Before treatment 4.20±0.39 4.15±0.21 12.50± 0.51 20.89±5.25 9.21±0.45 20.61±0.60 9.32±0.33 4.49±0.29
    After treatment 4.67±0.39 4.39±0.48 14.76±0.49 23.77±4.36 9.68±0.29 22.89±0.59 9.49±0.38 4.62±0.36
    t 4.257 5.565 20.368 2.721 6.536 19.042 3.245 2.965
    P <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.006 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 0.005
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    80例患者治疗前膝关节HSS评分为(45.30±5.80)分,治疗后膝关节功能恢复良好,HSS评分总分均在85分以上,平均(91.15±2.66)分,其中77例患者总分在95分以上(占96.25%)。治疗后HSS评分总分及每项指标的得分均高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.025)。见表2

    表  2  80例患者治疗前后膝关节HSS评分对比
    Table  2.  Comparison of knee HSS scores before and after treatment in 80 patients
    Time Pain Function The range of motion Muscle strength Fixation deformity Instability
    Before treatment 24.53±1.27 19.63±1.87 15.39±1.66 8.23±1.58 9.09±0.52 9.32±0.29
    After treatment 26.64±2.12 22.43±1.95 17.82±1.95 8.95±1.56 9.45±0.82 9.94±0.74
    t 6.428 7.812 4.868 2.426 2.068 3.781
    P <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.022 0.019 <0.001
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    由于膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折类型较特殊,并且撕脱骨折块小且粉碎,空心钉或界面螺钉等无法固定,而采取保守治疗则容易因后交叉韧带张力原因导致骨折移位及后交叉韧带张力缺失等并发症,过早引起关节退变,出现骨性关节炎[5]。虽然有部分患者通过保守治疗,骨折能达到骨性愈合,但这部分患者需要关节制动3周以上,导致出现关节粘连僵直,关节活动幅度下降,失去部分膝关节功能,尤其对于爱好运动的体育爱好者,失去了体育运动能力,不仅对患者的身体造成损伤,而且对患者的心理也造成一定程度的损害。膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的治疗大致分为以下两种方式:一种是应用关节镜技术,固定材料选用空心拉力螺钉或界面螺钉;一种是开放手术,充分暴露骨折断端,在直视的情况下进行牢固固定骨折块,对后交叉韧带止点进行重建,恢复关节稳定。现在,大部分专家主张,对于膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱性骨折的患者,如果有5 mm以上的移位情况,应该进行手术复位并确保其牢固。这样可以恢复交叉韧带的连续性和张力,从而提高关节的稳定性[6]。关节镜下复位固定后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折日趋流行,该技术创伤小,在处理骨折的同时可处理膝关节内其他损伤,但关节镜下复位和固定骨折操作繁琐、手术时间长、学习曲线陡峭,术中使用锚钉、Endobutton等固定材料相对昂贵,不利于广大基层医院推广,且关节镜下医源性损伤血管神经的概率高,易造成出血甚至动静脉瘘等严重并发症[7]。传统的切开复位内固定多采取后侧或后内侧纵切口、S形切口等,内固定材料一般采取微型钢板或者空心拉力螺钉等,手术创伤大,且需要二次手术取出内固定,给患者造成二次损伤,且由于第一次手术造成的组织粘连,二次手术极易造成腘窝血管神经的损伤,更易发生静脉栓塞等并发症[8]。由于这些手术技术的不完善或手术技术的弊端,导致早期临床工作中手术效果不理想,甚至有一部分患者在手术以后再次出现了骨折固定失效,不能完全恢复后交叉韧带张力等意外情况,给患者的关节功能带来了不良结果[9-10]。随着手术技术的不断研发与实践,刘玉强等[11]等、ZHAO等[12]报道了胫骨单骨道、“Y”型骨道及带线,通过骨桥打结途径有效复位和加压固定骨折块。

    本科室于2010年首创锚钉缝线桥技术治疗膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折,作为一种成熟且相对新颖的手术技术,锚钉缝线桥技术被用于治疗膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折。内排锚钉缝合可有效避免既往术式可能出现的骨折固定不佳、不能完全恢复后交叉韧带张力等缺点,一枚内排锚钉在正常骨质中可对抗200~300 N的张力,且自带四股高强度的超高分子量聚乙烯缝合线,相比普通缝合线断裂强度更大[13],初始固定强度基本可满足日常活动。这种技术通过使用锚钉和缝线桥来实现复位并稳定固定骨折,缝线同时收紧形成pully结构,避免骨块翘起[14],且缝线的加压作用进一步增加了骨块的稳定性[15],同时也有效恢复了后交叉韧带的张力。本研究对80例接受锚钉缝线桥技术治疗的患者进行了随访,随访时间为(12.16±1.08)个月。结果显示,所有患者的骨折均达到Ⅰ期愈合,愈合时间为(3.66±0.51)个月,无移位或愈合不良现象。在治疗期间,未出现切口感染、神经血管损伤或后交叉韧带松弛等并发症。影像学检查显示,骨折的复位和愈合情况良好,后交叉韧带的张力恢复良好,关节功能正常。术后膝关节Lysholm及HSS评分均较高,说明该手术方式有效、安全。与既往文献[11-12]报道的术式相比,本术式术中出血明显减少,手术时间及住院时间缩短,且无静脉血栓等并发症,优势显著。

    综上,在患有膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的患者中,锚钉缝线桥技术显示出良好的临床效果,能够有效恢复膝关节功能,且并发症较少,安全性较高。本研究尚存不足之处:手术样本偏少,未设对照组(本科室自首创该术式以来,几乎所有病例均采用该术式进行治疗,最初尝试用关节镜技术设立对照组,但因手术时间长,固定效果不确切,术后腘静脉血栓出现概率太高,故放弃镜下手术,未设立对照组),长期随访欠缺。为了该技术能广泛应用于临床,今后需加大样本量,延长随访时间,增加监测指标及设立适宜的对照组,进一步分析该手术方式的临床效果及推广价值。

    *    *    *

    作者贡献声明 褚秀成负责论文构思、正式分析、研究方法、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,李艳花负责正式分析、提供资源、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,郑艳青负责正式分析、提供资源和初稿写作,李月美负责正式分析、调查研究和初稿写作,王凤丽负责正式分析、调查研究、提供资源、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作。所有作者已经同意将文章提交给本刊,且对将要发表的版本进行最终定稿,并同意对工作的所有方面负责。

    Author Contribution  CHU Xiucheng is responsible for conceptualization, formal analysis, methodology, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. LI Yanhua is responsible for formal analysis, resources, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. ZHENG Yanqing is responsible for formal analysis, resources, and writing--original draft. LI Yuemei is responsible for formal analysis, investigation, and writing--original draft. WANG Fengli is responsible for formal analysis, investigation, resources, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. All authors consented to the submission of the article to the Journal. All authors approved the final version to be published and agreed to take responsibility for all aspects of the work.

    利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

    Declaration of Conflicting Interests All authors declare no competing interests.

  • 图  1   骨折内固定

    Figure  1.   Internal fixation of fractures

    A, Inserting the inner row of anchors; B, punching into the outer row anchors; C, after the suture bridge is fixed.

    图  2   患者1,男性,37岁,不慎摔伤左膝,诊断为后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折,锚钉缝线桥技术给予手术固定,恢复好,无并发症

    Figure  2.   Case 1, male, 37 years old, accidentally fell and injured his left knee, diagnosed with avulsion fracture of tibial insertion point of posterior cruciate ligament, treated with anchor suture bridge technique, and recovered well without complications

    A and B, Preoperative X-ray; C and D, preoperative 3D CT scan; E and F, preoperative MRI; G and H, postoperative X-ray.

    图  3   患者2,女性,71岁,摔伤致后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折,锚钉缝线桥技术给予手术固定,恢复好,无并发症

    Figure  3.   Case 2, female, 71 years old. Avulsion fracture of tibial insertion point of posterior cruciate ligament caused by fall injury, treated with anchor suture bridge technique, and recovered well without complications

    A, Preoperative X-ray; B-D, preoperative 3D CT scan; E-G, preoperative MRI; H, postoperative X-ray.

    表  1   80例患者治疗前后膝关节Lysholm评分对比

    Table  1   Comparison of Lysholm scores of knee joints before and after treatment in 80 patients

    Time Limp Support Noose Pain Swelling Instability Stair climbing Squatting
    Before treatment 4.20±0.39 4.15±0.21 12.50± 0.51 20.89±5.25 9.21±0.45 20.61±0.60 9.32±0.33 4.49±0.29
    After treatment 4.67±0.39 4.39±0.48 14.76±0.49 23.77±4.36 9.68±0.29 22.89±0.59 9.49±0.38 4.62±0.36
    t 4.257 5.565 20.368 2.721 6.536 19.042 3.245 2.965
    P <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.006 <0.001 <0.001 0.003 0.005
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   80例患者治疗前后膝关节HSS评分对比

    Table  2   Comparison of knee HSS scores before and after treatment in 80 patients

    Time Pain Function The range of motion Muscle strength Fixation deformity Instability
    Before treatment 24.53±1.27 19.63±1.87 15.39±1.66 8.23±1.58 9.09±0.52 9.32±0.29
    After treatment 26.64±2.12 22.43±1.95 17.82±1.95 8.95±1.56 9.45±0.82 9.94±0.74
    t 6.428 7.812 4.868 2.426 2.068 3.781
    P <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.022 0.019 <0.001
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 期刊类型引用(1)

    1. 孙策勇. 关节镜下双通道“8”字捆绑技术治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的效果分析. 中国社区医师. 2025(04): 24-26 . 百度学术

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  • 收稿日期:  2023-12-03
  • 修回日期:  2024-06-15
  • 发布日期:  2024-07-19
  • 刊出日期:  2024-07-19

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