Catheter Replacement Methods in Hemodialysis Patients With Dysfunctional Tunneled-Cuffed Catheters With Fibrin Sheaths
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摘要:目的 带涤纶套和隧道的透析导管(tunneled-cuffed catheter, TCC)是老年、外周血管资源差的维持性透析患者重要的透析通路,长期的导管留置会形成纤维蛋白鞘包裹管周并影响导管功能。本研究拟通过比较球囊扩张协助鞘外换管和原位换管两种方式的预后,以探索更优的导管更换流程。方法 回顾性分析本中心52例更换TCC的病例,其中27例采用改良方式(鞘外组)更换导管,25例原位换管(原位组)。主要结局指标为随访1、3、6个月透析导管最大血流量及尿素清除指数(urea clearance index, Kt/V)值,次要结局为随访中透析器报警和导管相关感染。结果 两组间在一般情况方面差异无统计学意义,手术均无大出血、心包填塞、导管相关感染等相关并发症发生。随访1、3、6个月,鞘外组与原位组相比,导管第6个月血流量更大〔(241.85±9.62) mL/min vs. (234.40±11.21) mL/min,P=0.014〕、Kt/V值更高(1.31±0.55 vs. 1.27±0.49, P=0.005)。随访过程中,共5例患者出现透析过程中通路报警(原位组3例,鞘外组2例),两组患者均未发生导管相关感染。结论 通过球囊扩张协助鞘外换管的方式安全、有效,与原位更换导管相比,其长期导管血流量更佳。Abstract:Objective Tunneled-cuffed catheters (TCCs) are frequently used for establishing hemodialysis access for maintenance hemodialysis in older patients with exhausted resources of peripheral vessels. Fibrin sheath formation around the catheter is one of the most common complications of long-term use of indwelling catheter, which may cause the malfunction of the catheter. In this study, we intend to compare the prognosis of two catheter replacement methods, in situ replacement and replacement through a fibrin sheath crevice, with both being assisted by balloon dilation, and to explore the optimal catheter replacement process.Methods A retrospective study was conducted with 52 patients who underwent a replacement of their TCCs. Among them, 27 cases had their TCC replaced by the modified method of replacement through a fibrin sheath crevice and were referred to as the sheath crevice group, while 25 cases underwent in situ catheter replacement and were referred to as the in situ group. The primary outcome indicators included maximum blood flow in hemodialysis catheter and the urea clearance rate calculated by Kt/V values at the 1, 3, and 6-month follow-ups. The secondary outcomes included dialyzer alarms being set off and catheter-related infections during follow-up.Results There was no significant difference between the general data of the two groups. There was no massive blood loss during the replacement procedure. Neither were there cardiac tamponade, catheter-associated infections, or other complications. Follow-ups were made 1, 3, and 6 months after the replacement procedure. The sheath crevice group had higher catheter blood flow and Kt/V values at the 6-month follow-up than the in situ group did ([241.85±9.62] mL/min vs. [234.40±11.21] mL/min, P=0.014 and 1.31±0.55 vs. 1.27±0.49, P=0.005, respectively). During the follow-up process, access alarms were reported in 5 patients (three in the in situ group and two in the sheath crevice group) during dialysis. No catheter-associated infection occurred in either group.Conclusion The catheter replacement method of balloon dilation-assisted catheter insertion through a fibrin sheath crevice is safe and effective, resulting in better long-term catheter blood flow compared with that of in situ catheter replacement.
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Keywords:
- Hemodialysis /
- Vascular access /
- Balloon dilation /
- Fibrin sheath /
- Retrospective study /
- Clinical controlled trial
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随着慢性肾脏病患者数量逐年增加,我国进入终末期肾病且依赖透析的人数也在快速增长[1]。对于维持性血液透析患者来说,稳定、可靠的长期血管通路是进行有效治疗的前提。带涤纶套和隧道的透析导管(tunneled-cuffed catheter, TCC)作为血管通路方式之一,主要在患者外周血管资源耗竭时使用,或作为过渡通路使用[2]。但长时间的导管留置,往往导致纤维蛋白鞘形成、血栓形成、血管狭窄等中心静脉的继发改变,从而影响导管血流量,进而无法完成透析治疗[3-6]。既往有研究指出导管置入1周即有纤维蛋白鞘形成,纤维蛋白鞘形成是长期留置导管功能不良的主要原因之一[7-8]。当面临纤维蛋白鞘形成导致的导管功能不良时,目前临床常用的处理方式包括:经导管溶栓剂灌注技术、管路置换技术、纤维蛋白鞘剥除术和管路内圈套器技术[9-14],各方法具有不同的特性与限制,优劣尚待明确,目前我国临床常用的方式以更换管路为主。随着介入技术的发展,近期LI等[15]报道了经纤维蛋白鞘缝隙更换导管的方式,其与传统的原位换管相比,具有更佳的后期导管血流量。理论上,我们同样认为经鞘外重新留置导管可避开原纤维蛋白鞘的影响,从而可能获得更佳的导管通畅率,但在实际临床操作中,并非每一位TCC留置患者拔管后的造影都提示纤维蛋白鞘缝隙的存在。因此我们将这一方法进行了改良,通过球囊扩张纤维蛋白鞘,人为形成蛋白鞘的裂隙,然后将导丝引导至鞘外再重新置管。本研究回顾性分析了我中心经该鞘外换管方式更换导管的病例,并与传统原位换管相比较,旨在探索更优的TCC更换策略。
1. 资料与方法
1.1 对象和分组
选择2021年10月–2022年9月我院因TCC导管功能障碍入院、并拟行数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography, DSA)引导下更换TCC的患者。纳入标准:①年龄>18周岁;②均为右侧颈内静脉TCC导管维持血液透析;③原TCC导管留置时间>3个月;④导管流量<200 mL/min;⑤ DSA证实导管相关纤维蛋白鞘形成。排除标准:①存在导管移位、折叠等机械原因导致导管流量欠佳;②存在导管相关感染表现(包括皮肤软组织感染或导管相关血源感染);③术前CT静脉造影检查或术中静脉造影(使用DSA)提示中心静脉严重狭窄甚至闭塞;④拟术后6个月内建立自体或移植物内瘘等其他通路;⑤术后6个月内因肿瘤或其他绝症死亡。本研究获四川大学华西医院生物医学伦理委员会批准,批准号:2018-85。
手术医生根据术中情况决定具体手术方式,根据手术方式不同分为原位换管组和经纤维蛋白鞘外换管组。
1.2 数据收集及随访
收集患者年龄、性别、基础疾病、透析龄、血管通路病史、原导管留置时间、导管更换策略、导管更换术中造影影像、纤维蛋白鞘长度(记录纤维蛋白鞘是否长至右心房),记录手术相关并发症(包括大出血、心包填塞、感染)。术后1、3、6个月常规随访,记录导管血流量、导管相关感染及导管功能不良的发生情况、尿素清除指数(urea clearance index, Kt/V;按Dangirdas公式计算)。导管血流量以随访阶段最后一次透析时稳定的最大血流量来评估(以透析机监测并显示的血流量为准)。
1.3 换管流程
所有患者术前签署知情同意书。经原位换管和经纤维蛋白鞘外换管手术均在局麻下、DSA引导下进行。常规消毒、铺巾,抽出原导管封管液,经导管置入0.035英寸加硬导丝至下腔静脉。分离原导管涤纶套后将其导管尖端拔至静脉穿刺入口处并造影,造影完成后拔出原导管。围手术期均无预防性抗生素使用。手术医生决定原位换管或经纤维蛋白鞘外换管。操作流程如下:
对于原位换管组患者,根据纤维蛋白鞘情况,酌情使用8~10 mm球囊扩张纤维蛋白鞘,经导丝、在DSA引导下原位重新置入新导管,尖端位于右心房,20 mL空针回抽导管动静脉端验证血流通畅性(图1)。
对于纤维蛋白鞘外更换导管的患者,使用10 mm球囊扩张右侧无名静脉处纤维蛋白鞘,使之形成裂隙(图2),置入4F弯头造影导管(VER 135°, Cordis Corporation, Miami, Fla),在DSA引导下,操控造影导管尖端位于纤维蛋白鞘外并造影证实(图3),经造影导管重新置入导丝至下腔静脉,退出造影导管,沿导丝置入新TCC,尖端位于右心房,20 mL空针回抽导管动静脉端验证血流通畅性。
图 3 纤维蛋白鞘外换管Figure 3. Catheter replacement through the fibrin sheath creviceA, A fibrin sheath extending to the right atrium; B, 10-mm balloon dilation of the fibrin sheath at the right brachiocephalic vein; C, a 4Fr catheter going through the fibrin sheath crevice; D, guidewire insertion via 4Fr catheter into the inferior vena cava; E, hemodialysis catheter tip reaching the right atrium.1.4 结局指标
主要结局指标为随访1、3、6个月透析导管最大血流量及Kt/V值,次要结局为随访中透析器报警和导管相关感染。
1.5 统计学方法
采用SPSS 16.0统计分析软件。计量资料采用
$ \bar x \pm s $ 表示,两组间比较采用t检验。计数资料采用频数、百分率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。两组间血流量、Kt/V比较采用重复测量方差分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。2. 结果
2.1 基线比较
研究总共纳入52例患者,原位组25例,鞘外组27例。 两组间在年龄、性别、糖尿病、透析龄、原导管留置时间、纤维蛋白鞘长至右心房方面差异无统计学意义(表1)。两组患者围手术期均无大出血、心包填塞、导管相关感染等手术相关并发症发生。
表 1 一般情况Table 1. Baseline dataVariable In situ
group (n=25)Sheath
crevice group
(n=27)P Age/yr. 60.28±10.69 62.85±8.64 0.545 Male/case (%) 11 (44.0) 13 (48.1) 0.788 Diabetes/case (%) 9 (36.0) 11 (40.7) 0.781 Dialysis duration/yr. 4.96±1.68 4.76±2.24 0.467 Old catheter duration/yr. 2.68±1.14 2.61±1.43 0.663 Fibrin sheath extending to the
right atrium/case (%)10 (40.0) 11 (40.7) 0.957 2.2 主要结局指标
总共随访6个月,采用重复测量方差分析分组发现,分组和时间在透析导管最大血流量、Kt/V值间存在交互作用(导管最大血流量,P=0.001;Kt/V,P<0.001)。后续进行分组和时间的单独效应分析,显示在6个月随访时,鞘外组导管最大血流量大于原位组(P=0.014),Kt/V亦大于原位组(P=0.005) (表2)。两组在随访期间的导管最大血流量及Kt/V变化见图4。
表 2 随访数据Table 2. Follow-up data of blood flow and Kt/VTime Blood flow/(mL/min) Kt/V In situ
group (n=25)Sheath crevice
group (n=27)In situ group (n=25) Sheath crevice
group (n=27)1st month 244.40±10.44 245.93±9.31 1.32±0.51 1.33±0.48 3rd month 242.85±9.62 244.81±8.93 1.31±0.46 1.32±0.52 6th month 234.40±11.21 241.85±9.62a 1.27±0.49 1.31±0.55b Group (F, P) 1.968, 0.167 1.992, 0.164 Time (F, P) 45.679, <0.001 172.158, <0.001 Group×Time (F, P) 8.864, 0.001 44.137, <0.001 a P=0.014, b P=0.005, vs. in situ group. 2.3 次要结局指标
随访过程中,共5例患者出现透析过程中通路报警(原位组3例,鞘外组2例),均在暂时降低血流量后完成透析。上述患者在下次透析前给予尿激酶封管处理后,导管血流量均能恢复至200 mL/min以上。随访期间,两组患者均未发生导管相关感染。
3. 讨论
保持血管透析通路的畅通性,是保证维持性血透患者获得有效治疗的前提。TCC作为长期血管通路方式之一,对于老年、糖尿病、血管资源耗竭等患者来说,已成为一种重要的补充形式。但导管的长期留置常会导致功能不良、感染等各种并发症。其中纤维蛋白鞘与血栓往往共存,是导致TCC晚期并发症的主要原因。纤维蛋白鞘的形成会阻碍血流,导致导管功能障碍,同时也会促进血栓及生物膜的生成,从而诱发相关感染的发生[16]。目前纤维蛋白鞘的处理方式主要有:经导管溶栓剂灌注技术、管路置换技术、纤维蛋白鞘剥除术和管路内圈套器技术[9-10, 17-19]。在我国,经导管灌注溶栓剂主要为尿激酶,部分使用重组组织型纤维蛋白酶原激活剂(rt-PA),有报道证实经导管缓慢滴注尿激酶有效且效果优于单纯封管[20]。但笔者认为,药物的有效性是因为溶解了纤维蛋白鞘的相关血栓,其长期导管通畅性有待进一步研究证实,而且反复药物治疗,可能延误治疗时机,导致中心静脉狭窄甚至闭塞的发生。另一方面溶栓剂对于凝血功能障碍或合并出血的患者来说,应用受限。而纤维蛋白鞘剥除术及圈套器技术主要是通过借助工具、导管外剥离纤维蛋白鞘而起作用。一种是经股静脉置入圈套器或猪尾管,套住导管的血管内部分,勒紧后反复下拉剥离、祛除纤维蛋白鞘;另一种是经原导管置入导丝并折叠成襻,成襻的导丝从导管管腔出来时可撑破尖端纤维蛋白鞘,并做往返运动剥离蛋白鞘,而后勒紧呈环状的导丝取出尖端蛋白鞘。该类方法虽能剥除部分纤维蛋白鞘、改善导管功能,但碎裂的组织有进入肺动脉造成肺栓塞的风险。目前我国各介入中心针对TCC纤维蛋白鞘形成并导管功能障碍的处理多以导管更换为主。通过导管置换并对纤维蛋白鞘进行球囊扩张、破坏,有助于去除包覆在导管表面的纤维结缔组织、改善增加管腔有效容积、改善导管流量。但无论哪种方法,后期均有纤维蛋白鞘复发、导管流量下降的可能性,因此本研究试图改良导管更换技术,以期达到更高的导管初级通畅率。
本研究结果提示,通过球囊扩张协助鞘外换管的患者在随访6个月时,相比原位换管组具有更高的导管通畅率和透析充分性。既往有研究指出,对于导管功能不良的患者来说,重新穿刺置管会获得更佳的导管远期通畅率[21]。LI等[15]也曾报道经纤维蛋白鞘缝隙外再置管的方式,其通过造影证实纤维蛋白鞘上缝隙存在,并经该缝隙于鞘外换管。这一换管方式与经原位换管相比,具有更优的远期血流量。由此,笔者也同样认为经原纤维蛋白鞘外重新置管可能有助于改善导管后期通畅率。但在临床实际工作中笔者发现,一方面,由于长期留置导管,患者会存在头臂静脉狭窄甚至闭塞的情况,这使得重新穿刺再置管存在挑战。另一方面,在置换导管过程中的造影并非均能提示纤维蛋白鞘上存在缝隙。鉴于以上原因,本研究改良了TCC更换流程。对于造影提示完整、清晰蛋白鞘的患者,在更换新导管之前,使用10 mm球囊对右侧头臂静脉部位进行鞘内扩张,人为造成原蛋白鞘撕裂,然后调整导丝至纤维蛋白鞘外,而后顺导丝再置入新导管。该方式避免了再次穿刺有可能失败的窘境,减少不必要的静脉穿刺,同时将导管重新置于原蛋白鞘外,减少了纤维结缔组织对新导管的影响,从而达到延长导管使用寿命的目的。
综上所述,对于纤维蛋白鞘导致TCC功能障碍的患者来说,笔者认为通过球囊扩张协助鞘外换管的方式安全、有效,与原位更换导管相比,其长期导管血流量更佳。不过本研究病例数及随访时间有限,更大样本量的观察可能有助于更为准确地指导临床实际操作。
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作者贡献声明 金骊珠负责正式分析和初稿写作,王慧负责数据审编和调查研究,崔天蕾负责论文构思、研究方法和提供资源,廖若西负责经费获取、研究项目管理、监督指导和审读与编辑写作。所有作者已经同意将文章提交给本刊,且对将要发表的版本进行最终定稿,并同意对工作的所有方面负责。
利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
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图 3 纤维蛋白鞘外换管
Figure 3. Catheter replacement through the fibrin sheath crevice
A, A fibrin sheath extending to the right atrium; B, 10-mm balloon dilation of the fibrin sheath at the right brachiocephalic vein; C, a 4Fr catheter going through the fibrin sheath crevice; D, guidewire insertion via 4Fr catheter into the inferior vena cava; E, hemodialysis catheter tip reaching the right atrium.
表 1 一般情况
Table 1 Baseline data
Variable In situ
group (n=25)Sheath
crevice group
(n=27)P Age/yr. 60.28±10.69 62.85±8.64 0.545 Male/case (%) 11 (44.0) 13 (48.1) 0.788 Diabetes/case (%) 9 (36.0) 11 (40.7) 0.781 Dialysis duration/yr. 4.96±1.68 4.76±2.24 0.467 Old catheter duration/yr. 2.68±1.14 2.61±1.43 0.663 Fibrin sheath extending to the
right atrium/case (%)10 (40.0) 11 (40.7) 0.957 表 2 随访数据
Table 2 Follow-up data of blood flow and Kt/V
Time Blood flow/(mL/min) Kt/V In situ
group (n=25)Sheath crevice
group (n=27)In situ group (n=25) Sheath crevice
group (n=27)1st month 244.40±10.44 245.93±9.31 1.32±0.51 1.33±0.48 3rd month 242.85±9.62 244.81±8.93 1.31±0.46 1.32±0.52 6th month 234.40±11.21 241.85±9.62a 1.27±0.49 1.31±0.55b Group (F, P) 1.968, 0.167 1.992, 0.164 Time (F, P) 45.679, <0.001 172.158, <0.001 Group×Time (F, P) 8.864, 0.001 44.137, <0.001 a P=0.014, b P=0.005, vs. in situ group. -
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