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SCAI心源性休克分类法对CICU心源性休克患者死亡风险的预测价值

单增卓嘎, 赵志峰, 陈茂

单增卓嘎, 赵志峰, 陈茂. SCAI心源性休克分类法对CICU心源性休克患者死亡风险的预测价值[J]. 四川大学学报(医学版), 2021, 52(3): 503-509. DOI: 10.12182/20210560104
引用本文: 单增卓嘎, 赵志峰, 陈茂. SCAI心源性休克分类法对CICU心源性休克患者死亡风险的预测价值[J]. 四川大学学报(医学版), 2021, 52(3): 503-509. DOI: 10.12182/20210560104
DANZENGZHUOGA, ZHAO Zhi-feng, CHEN Mao. The Value of Using SCAI Cardiogenic Shock Stages in Predicting Mortality in CICU Patients[J]. Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences), 2021, 52(3): 503-509. DOI: 10.12182/20210560104
Citation: DANZENGZHUOGA, ZHAO Zhi-feng, CHEN Mao. The Value of Using SCAI Cardiogenic Shock Stages in Predicting Mortality in CICU Patients[J]. Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences), 2021, 52(3): 503-509. DOI: 10.12182/20210560104

SCAI心源性休克分类法对CICU心源性休克患者死亡风险的预测价值

基金项目: 四川省科学技术厅重点研发项目(No.2018SZ0172)资助
详细信息
    通讯作者:

    陈茂: E-mail:hmaochen@vip.sina.com

The Value of Using SCAI Cardiogenic Shock Stages in Predicting Mortality in CICU Patients

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  • 摘要:
      目的  探讨采用美国心血管造影和介入学会(Society of Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention,SCAI)心源性休克分类法预测心脏重症监护病房(cardiac intensive care unit,CICU)心源性休克(cardiogenic shock,CS)患者死亡率的价值。
      方法  回顾性收集2011年1月−2018年1月四川大学华西医院CICU的连续住院患者资料,并对CS患者进行分析。根据SCAI心源性休克分类法将患者分为C组、D组和E组,主要结局指标为院内死亡率。采用logistic回归确定SCAI 分期与院内死亡率之间的关系,并进行多变量校正。受试者操作特征曲线用于评价SCAI心源性休克分类法对院内死亡率的预测价值。
      结果  最终对符合纳入标准的839例CS患者进行研究。SCAI分期C期(经典期)、D期(恶化期)、E期(终末期)各组占比分别为43.3%(363例)、38.7%(325例)和18.0%(151例)。未校正院内死亡率分别为22.9%(83例)、44.0%(143例)、53.6%(81例)(P<0.001);SCAI分期预测CICU心源性休克患者院内死亡的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.640,进行多变量校正后,AUC提高到0.776(P<0.001)。急性冠脉综合征患者中,全球冠脉事件登记研究评分模型(Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events,GRACE)预测院内死亡率AUC为0.644,当SCAI 分期联合GRACE评分,AUC提高到0.702(P<0.001)。
      结论  CICU心源性休克患者中,SCAI心源性休克分类法可以作为入院时快速评价疾病风险的分层方法。急性冠脉综合征合并CS的患者中,SCAI分期联合GRACE评分可提高对死亡风险的预测能力。

     

    Abstract:
      Objective  To study the value of using the cardiogenic shock (CS) stages developed by the Society of Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention (SCAI) in predicting the mortality of CS patients in cardiac intensive care unit (CICU).
      Methods  We retrospectively collected (Jan., 2011−Jan., 2018) the information of inpatients who were admitted to the CICU of West China Hospital of Sichuan University on consecutive days, and conducted analysis on those with CS. The patients were divided into groups C, D and E, according to the corresponding SCAI stages, and the primary outcome indicator was in-hospital mortality. Logistic regression was done to determine the association between SCAI staging and in-hospital mortality before and after multivariate adjustment. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to assess the value of SCAI stages of CS in predicting in-hospital mortality.
      Results  We studies 839 CS patients who met our inclusion criteria. The proportions of patients of SCAI stages C (Classic), D (Deteriorating), and E (Extremis) were 43.3% (363 cases), 38.7% (325 cases) and 18.0% (151 cases), respectively. The unadjusted in-hospital mortality rates were 22.9% (83 cases), 44.0% (143 cases) and 53.6% (81 cases), respectively (P<0.001). The SCAI stages had an AUC (area under the curve) of 0.640 for predicting in-hospital mortality among CS patients in CICU. After multivariate adjustment, the AUC increased to 0.776 (P<0.001). In patients with acute coronary syndrome, the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) scores had an AUC of 0.644 for predicting in-hospital mortality, while a combination of the GRACE score with SCAI staging yielded an increased AUC of 0.702 (P<0.001).
      Conclusion  In CICU patients with CS, the SCAI stages of CS can be used as a stratified method for rapid assessment of disease risks upon admission. In patients with acute coronary syndrome and CS, SCAI stages combined with GRACE scores improved the ability to predict risks of death.

     

  • 近年来心源性休克(cardiogenic shock,CS)的总体发生率持续增长,短期死亡率高达40%~70%[1-2]。循环支持是CS重要的治疗手段,但迄今为止的研究显示,对于难治性的晚期CS,循环支持治疗并无效果。相反,如能早期识别出CS患者,及早地进行血流动力学支持,有可能改善CS患者的预后[3-4]。因此,早期发现、快速分析、积极管理,对改善CS患者结局至关重要。

    目前已有多种模型运用于危重患者的预后评价,然而,在CS患者中应用价值不高。2019年,美国心血管造影和介入学会(Society of Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention,SCAI)发布的临床专家共识中,根据CS的疾病严重程度和进展阶段,提出了5期(A~E)分类,依次为风险期、开始阶段、经典期、恶化期和终末期,每个阶段都由心脏骤停(cardiac arrest,CA)进行修正[5]。旨在为临床医生提供一种快速确定疾病严重程度的简单方法,以改善CS患者管理。JENTZER等[6]对梅奥诊所心脏重症监护病房(cardiac intensive care unit,CICU)的10 004例患者的回顾性研究表明,SCAI分期可以作为临床和研究工具来识别、交流和预测CS患者的死亡风险。

    对于中国患者,SCAI分期有无临床应用价值,能否有效地对CS患者进行危险分层,目前尚无相关研究报道。全球冠脉事件登记研究评分模型(Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events,GRACE)评分是指南推荐的用于评价急性心肌梗死的风险分层工具,在院内死亡率和长期死亡率的风险评估中具有良好的预测能力[7]。最近的研究发现,炎症指标C反应蛋白和纤维蛋白可以提升GRACE评分的预测价值[8]。本研究对四川大学华西医院CICU已确诊为CS的患者进行回顾性分析,比较不同SCAI分期患者的基线特点以及院内事件发生率;对于急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)患者,同时验证SCAI分期协同GRACE评分是否能够提升临床预测价值。现报道如下。

    本研究获得四川大学华西医院临床试验伦理委员会豁免。收集2011年1月−2018年1月入住四川大学华西医院CICU的连续住院患者资料。纳入标准:①年龄≥18岁;②住院期间诊断“心源性休克”;③符合低灌注表现,即收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)<90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)或平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)<60 mmHg或与基线相差30 mmHg,血管活性药物或机械循环支持治疗(mechanical circulation support,MCS)维持血压在目标值之上;或尿量<30 mL/h(720 mL/d);或血乳酸>2 mmol/L。排除标准:诊断不符合“心源性休克”。

    患者所有资料通过电子病历数据库获得,临床资料和实验室参数收集CICU住院当天的数据,若无法获得当日数据,则收集急诊就诊期间或最接近住院时间的数据,包括人口学资料、临床资料、实验室参数、治疗及操作等数据。血管活性药的剂量通过计算血管活性药评分(vasoactive-inotropic score,VIS)和去甲肾上腺素等价剂量(norepinephrine-equivalent vasopressor dose,NEE)获得[9-10]。查尔森合并症指数(Charles comorbidity index,CCI)通过病案首页诊断获得[11]。GRACE评分通过测量年龄,Killip分级,入院时收缩压、心率、血肌酐等获得,危险因素包括入院前心脏停搏、ST段下移、心肌酶升高[12]

    JENTZER等[6]的研究中C~E期的病例占总体研究的24%,但死亡率是A~B分期的5.5倍;尤其D~E期的死亡率高达43.4%。因此,本研究主要关注C期(经典期)、D期(恶化期)、E期(终末期)的患者。通过收集入院24 h相关信息,定义低血压或快速心律失常、低灌注、恶化或难治性休克。本研究通过量化VIS和NEE来确定是否存在病情恶化,区别C和D的分类,根据是否存在难治性休克确定E分类[5-6]

    分类变量以例数(%)表示,卡方检验进行组间比较。连续变量以中位数(P25~P75)表示,非参数秩和检验进行组间比较。采用logistic回归模型评估主要结局指标(院内死亡率),并进行多变量〔年龄、性别、CCI、是否存在CA、血管活性药使用情况、主动脉内球囊反搏术(intra-aortic balloon pump,IABP)、冠脉造影术(coronary angiography,CAG)、经皮冠脉支架置入术(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)和机械通气〕校正。评价预测院内终点事件(院内死亡以及院内死亡和非医嘱离院)模型采用曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC),通过对比矩阵进行两种曲线的比较。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

    四川大学华西医院CICU(2011年1月−2018年1月)的连续住院患者10 467例,最终对符合纳入标准的839例患者进行分析,CS的发生率8.0%。按照SCAI心源性休克分类法分期,C期363例(43.3%),D期325例(38.7%),E期151例(18.0%)。

    结果见表1。患者年龄中位数71(61~75)岁,男性患者年龄中位数69(58~77)岁,女性患者年龄中位数74(65~79)岁。男性患者占比67.7%(568/839),以汉族人群为主,占94.4%(792/839)。首要诊断非心脏疾病占3.2%(27例),以重症肺炎为主。70.3%(590例)的患者至少合并1个或以上非心血管疾病,合并3个以上非心血管疾病者占46.0%(386例)。C、D、E组人口学特征差异无统计学意义;心血管疾病相关的合并症差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),C组发生率最高;非心脏相关合并症差异无统计学意义。随着SCAI休克分期的递增,住院天数递减(P<0.001),而院内死亡及非医嘱离院率逐渐增加(P<0.001)。

    表  1  SCAI休克分期患者的人口学特征、临床资料和出入院信息
    Table  1.  Demographic features, clinical data and admission diagnosis of patients with different SCAI stages of CS
    ItemTotal (n=839)SCAI stage
    C (n=363)D (n=325)E (n=151)P
    Demographic features
     Age/yr., median (P25-P75) 71 (61-75) 71 (61-78) 71 (60-78) 70 (60-78) 0.341
     Male/case (%) 568 (67.7) 244 (67.2) 221 (68.0) 103 (68.2) 0.966
     Ethnic Han/case (%) 792 (94.4) 345 (95.0) 306 (94.2) 141 (93.4) 0.737
    Comorbidity
     ACS/case (%) 694 (82.7) 314 (86.5) 257 (79.1) 123 (81.5) 0.033
     HF/case (%) 686 (81.8) 321 (88.4) 253 (77.8) 112 (74.2) <0.001
     HTN/case (%) 406 (48.4) 190 (52.3) 159 (48.9) 57 (37.7) 0.010
     CVD/case (%) 56 (6.7) 34 (9.4) 14 (4.3) 8 (5.3) 0.025
     CA/case (%) 82 (9.8) 37 (10.2) 27 (8.3) 18 (11.9) 0.454
     COPD/case (%) 116 (13.8) 44 (12.1) 55 (16.9) 17 (11.3) 0.114
     DM/case (%) 235 (28.0) 111 (30.6) 87 (26.8) 37 (24.5) 0.308
     CKD/case (%) 178 (21.2) 69 (19.0) 71 (21.8) 38 (25.2) 0.279
     SP/case (%) 18 (2.1) 5 (1.3) 3 (0.9) 10 (6.6) <0.001
    Score
     GRACE (median [P25-P75] ) 230 (198-258) 218 (194-245) 237 (201-268) 246 (210-274) <0.001
     CCI (median [P25-P75] ) 5 (4-6) 5 (4-6) 5 (4-6) 5 (4-7) 0.344
    Admission diagnosis
     CICU_LOS/d, median (P25-P75) 1 (0-4) 0 (0-3) 1 (0-4) 1 (1-4) <0.001
     HOS_LOS/d, median (P25-P75) 7 (2-13) 8 (4-14) 5 (1-12) 2 (1-12) <0.001
     Hospital deaths/case (%) 307 (36.6) 83 (22.9) 143 (44.0) 81 (53.6) <0.001
     Hospital deaths and non-ordered discharge/case (%) 428 (51.0) 132 (36.4) 196 (60.3) 100 (66.2) <0.001
     ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; HF: Heart failure; HTN: Hypertension; CVD: Cardiac vascular disease; CA: Cardiac arrest; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM: Diabetes; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; SP: Severe pneumonia; CCI: Chalson comorbidity index; CICU_LOS: Length of stay in CICU; HOS_LOS: Length of stay in hospital.
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    结果见表2。通过血压、心率、24 h尿量以及乳酸值来判定血流动力学波动。根据SCAI分期的定义,入院时低血压或心动过速,即符合SBP<90 mmHg或MAP<60 mmHg或心率>100 min−1的患者占54.7%(459例),IABP维持血流动力学稳定的患者占25.3%(212例)。其中,30.7%(65/212)患者血压符合难治性休克标准,在E期中IABP使用率达41.7%。血乳酸检测率仅15.4%(129例),其中,超过2 mmol/L的患者占79.1%(102/129例),18.6%(24/129例)患者乳酸值超过10 mmol/L。

    表  2  不同SCAI休克分期患者的治疗操作过程、临床参数和实验室检查
    Table  2.  Clinical parameters, laboratory tests, treatment and procedures for patients with different SCAI stages of CS
    ItemTotal (n=839)SCAI stage
    C (n=363)D (n=325)E (n=151)P
    Treatment
     VIS num (1) (median [P25-P75] ) 0 (0-1) 0 (0-0) 0 (0-1) 2 (2-3) <0.001
     VIS dose (1) (median [P25-P75] ) 0 (0-3.07) 0 (0-0) 0 (0-1.54) 15.4 (4.61-24.9) <0.001
     NEE (1) (median [P25-P75] ) 0 (0-230) 0 (0-0) 0 (0-0.24) 461 (230-461.7) <0.001
    Procedures
     Invasive ventilator/case (%) 337 (40.2) 92 (25.6) 144 (44.6) 101 (67.3) <0.001
     IABP/case (%) 212 (25.3) 62 (17.1) 87 (26.8) 63 (41.7) <0.001
     CAG/case (%) 409 (48.7) 205 (56.5) 149 (45.8) 55 (36.4) <0.001
     PCI/case (%) 321 (38.2) 156 (43.0) 110 (33.8) 55 (36.4) 0.042
    Clinical parameters
     SBP/mmHg, median (P25-P75) 106 (88-128) 114 (96-135) 109 (90-127) 82 (66-101) <0.001
     MAP/mmHg, median (P25-P75) 79 (64-94) 84 (72-98) 80 (67-93) 61 (45-74) <0.001
     HR/min−1, median (P25-P75) 92 (75-110) 91 (76-108) 91 (76-108) 98 (69-121) 0.411
     Urine/mL, median (P25-P75) 900 (450-1450) 950 (500-1450) 850 (400-1412) 700 (327-1400) 0.109
    Laboratory tests
     CR/(μmol/L), median (P25-P75) 122 (89-184) 106.6 (83-156) 130 (95.4-199.6) 157 (114-214) <0.001
     BNP/(pg/mL), median (P25-P75) 6631 (2332-19686) 5962 (2302-16123) 7847 (2719-22510) 6789 (1913-22909) 0.129
     ALT/(IU/L), median (P25-P75) 56 (28-143) 46 (24-83) 60 (30-192) 91 (41-363) <0.001
     CTn/(ng/L), median (P25-P75) 2015 (254-6696) 2098 (330-5719) 2007 (358-6494) 1834 (6-10000) 0.721
     LAC/(mmol/L), median (P25-P75) 2.9 (1.6-7.3) 1.7 (1.3-2.8) 3.7 (2.1-10.7) 6.9 (3.8-11.7) <0.001
     pH (median [P25-P75] ) 7.39 (7.33-7.44) 7.41 (7.35-7.45) 7.39 (7.32-7.44) 7.33 (7.28-7.40) <0.001
     VIS num (1): Vasoactive-inotropic drugs numbers in first hours; VIS dose (1): Vasoactive-inotropic drugs dosage in first hours; NEE (1): Norepinephrine-equivalent vasopressor dose in first hours; IABP: Intra-aortic balloon pump; CAG: Coronary angiography; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; HR: Heart rate; CR: Creatinine; BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide; ALT: Transaminase; CTn: Troponin; LAC: Lactate.
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    随着SCAI休克分期的递增,使用血管活性药数量和剂量增加(P<0.001);机械通气、IABP使用率增加(P<0.001);PCI和CAG使用率降低(P<0.05);SBP、MAP降低(P<0.001);肌酐、转氨酶以及乳酸水平增加(P<0.001),pH值下降(P<0.001)。

    表1可见,C组、D组和E组未校正院内死亡率分别为22.9%、44.0%和53.6%(P<0.001),院内死亡率和非医嘱离院率依次为36.4%、60.3%和66.2%(P<0.001);ACS患者中,未校正院内死亡率依次为20.4%、43.6和54.5%(P<0.001);HF患者中依次为20.9%、40.7%和51.8%(P<0.001);CA患者中依次为43.2%、37.0%和55.6%(P=0.469)。与C组相比,D组的未校正院内死亡比值比(odds ratio,OR)为3.114,95%置信区间(2.154,4.503),P<0.001;E组的未校正OR为4.991,95%置信区间(3.184,7.825),P<0.001。经多变量校正后,有创通气(OR=4.385,P<0.001),SCAI分期为D期(OR=2.590,P=0.005)、E期(OR=2.787,P=0.004),IABP(OR=1.781,P=0.010),院前心脏骤停(OR=1.733,P=0.043)以及年龄(OR=1.022,P=0.005)是CS患者发生院内死亡的危险因素,而PCI是保护因素(OR=0.542,P=0.042)。见表3

    表  3  心源性休克患者发生院内死亡的单因素和多因素回归分析
    Table  3.  Univariate and multivariate regression analysis of in-hospital mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock
    FactorUnivariate analysisMulti-variate analysis*
    OR95%CIPOR95%CIP
    Age 1.020 (1.009, 1.032) <0.001 1.022 (1.007, 1.038) 0.005
    Male 0.996 (0.738, 1.345) 0.980 0.881 (0.622, 1.250) 0.478
    Pre-hospital cardiac arrest
     No 1.000 1.000
     Yes 1.949 (1.233, 3.082) 0.004 1.733 (1.017, 2.953) 0.043
    CCI 1.119 (1.047, 1.196) 0.001 1.036 (0.943, 1.139) 0.463
    Vasoactive drugs
     No 1.000 1.000
     Yes 2.697 (1.954, 3.721) <0.001 0.947 (0.518, 1.733) 0.861
    Invasive ventilator
     No 1.000 1.000
     Yes 4.067 (2.894, 5.716) <0.001 4.385 (2.948, 6.521) <0.001
    IABP
     No 1.000 1.000
     Yes 1.469 (1.069, 2.019) 0.018 1.781 (1.148, 2.762) 0.010
    CAG
     No 1.000 1.000
     Yes 0.417 (0.312, 0.557) <0.001 0.619 (0.350, 1.093) 0.098
    PCI
     No 1.000 1.000
     Yes 0.447 (0.329, 0.606) <0.001 0.542 (0.301, 0.979) 0.042
    SCAI stage
     C 1.000 1.000
     D 3.114 (2.154, 4.503) <0.001 2.590 (1.333, 5.030) 0.005
     E 4.991 (3.184, 7.825) <0.001 2.787 (1.390, 5.588) 0.004
     *Adjusted for risk factors including age and sex, PCI, CAG, IABP, VIS, CA and invasive ventilator. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; CCI: Chalson comorbidity index; IABP: Intra-aortic balloon pump; CAG: Coronary angiography; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention.
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    SCAI分期预测院内死亡以及院内死亡和非医嘱离院的AUC分别为0.640和0.629,当进行多变量校正后,AUC依次提高到0.776和0.792,与校正前比较AUC差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。

    本研究ACS合并CS为694例(82.7%),对于这一人群GRACE预测院内死亡以及院内死亡和非医嘱离院AUC分别为0.644和0.673。当GRACE评分联合SCAI分期,预测院内死亡以及院内死亡和非医嘱离院AUC可依次提高到0.702和0.714,与GRACE单独预测AUC比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。见图1

    图  1  GRACE评分和 SCAI分期联合GRACE评分对ACS合并CS患者院内终点事件的预测价值
    Figure  1.  The predictive value of using GRACE score or GRACE score combined with SCAI stage to assess in-hospital outcome event in patients with ACS combined with CS
    A: In-hospital mortality; B: In-hospital mortality and the rate of discharge against medical advice.

    SCAI休克分类法是一种新方法,该方法的临床应用价值已在梅奥诊所的CICU获得初步验证[6],但是否适用于中国未见报道。另外在该分类方法中,C、D和E分期代表了真正的CS患者,是CICU的主要诊治人群,其死亡率远高于A和B期患者。本研究首次报道了该分类方法在中国患者人群中的应用。根据SCAI分期的内容,将患者分为C组、D组和E组。随着分类等级的递增,院内死亡率明显升高。在CICU整体队列以及合并ACS和心衰队列中不同SCAI分期患者的死亡率相当,但院前CA队列在不同分期均有很高的死亡率,验证了SCAI分期可以通过CA进行修正。

    本研究中不同SCAI分期患者人口学资料基线水平差异无统计学意义,治疗和操作过程、血流动力学以及实验室检查结果差异较明显,这符合我们所关注的研究人群的特点,即本研究主要针对真正的CS患者(SCAI分期C、D、E期)。在JENTZER等[6]的研究中基线水平显著不同,与他们纳入了SCAI分期中A期和B期的患者相关。

    本研究中,随着SCAI休克分期的递增,使用血管活性药数量和剂量增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。入院24 h内30.0%(252/839)的患者至少使用过1种血管活性药,其中46.4%(117/252)的患者由于血流动力学恶化,加大剂量使用血管活性药;这类患者预后较差。血管活性药和强心药的使用,在CS患者的治疗中极为重要,维持循环稳定的同时,随着使用剂量的增加,预示着更差的预后[13-14]。早期干预,避免心源性休克患者发展为难治性休克是降低死亡率的主要方法[15]。本研究中,随着休克分期的递增,有创呼吸机和IABP使用率呈递增趋势,PCI和CAG则相反。机械循环治疗(mechanical circulatory support,MCS)的早期使用可以减少血管活性药或强心药的剂量,但对预后改善不明显[16]。美国的一项回顾性研究中,从2005−2014年IABP的使用率由29.8%降至17.7%,然而体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)和Impella心室辅助系统使用有所上升。MCS虽然能短时间内改善血流动力学参数,在难治性休克患者中MCS是可行的治疗,但死亡率仍很高[17-18]。对于CS的急性期,血流动力学不稳定或恶化的患者,目前MCS治疗的最大贡献是将这类患者过渡到永久性循环辅助装置或器官移植,还需更多的研究帮助临床医师做出选择。

    本研究中,经多变量校正后,年龄、院前心脏骤停史、有创呼吸机的使用以及IABP为发生院内死亡的危险因素,而PCI可视为发生终点事件的保护因素。多项研究[19-20]中证实CS患者早期侵袭性治疗和随后的血运重建对临床预后的益处,PCI或冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)均明显降低死亡率,尤其在长期随访中优势更突出。

    SCAI分期预测院内死亡率AUC为0.647,当进行多变量校正后,AUC可提高到0.780。GRACE评分是指南推荐的用于评价急性心肌梗死的风险分层工具,在院内死亡率和长期死亡率的风险评估中具有良好的预测能力。ACS合并CS患者中,当SCAI分期联合GRACE评分,预测院内死亡率能力(AUC)可由0.644提高到0.673。IABP-SHOCKⅡ评分是推荐用于ACS合并CS的危险评分,预测30 d死亡率的AUC为0.73[21]。未来需要更多的临床研究进行外推验证。

    本研究有一定的局限性。首先,本研究对CS的诊断是基于出院诊断符合“心源性休克”或“killip≥3级”,而非提前设定一个明确的定义规范。其次,因回顾性研究无法获得体征和床旁特征,比如一般状态、皮肤湿冷或意识状态,以及有创血流动力学参数、实验室数据的缺失,对患者实际评估产生影响。再次,本研究的数据以入院24 h的临床变化为准,没有将院内发生的CS患者血流动力学改变因素考虑进去。纳入的研究人群是否能代表真实的临床状态,未来还需要前瞻性研究控制偏倚来确定。

    综上所述,SCAI分期可以作为入CICU时快速评价疾病风险的分层方法,识别和预测CS患者的死亡风险。ACS合并CS的患者中,SCAI分期联合GRACE评分可一定程度提高对死亡风险的预测能力。

    * * *

    利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

  • 图  1   GRACE评分和 SCAI分期联合GRACE评分对ACS合并CS患者院内终点事件的预测价值

    Figure  1.   The predictive value of using GRACE score or GRACE score combined with SCAI stage to assess in-hospital outcome event in patients with ACS combined with CS

    A: In-hospital mortality; B: In-hospital mortality and the rate of discharge against medical advice.

    表  1   SCAI休克分期患者的人口学特征、临床资料和出入院信息

    Table  1   Demographic features, clinical data and admission diagnosis of patients with different SCAI stages of CS

    ItemTotal (n=839)SCAI stage
    C (n=363)D (n=325)E (n=151)P
    Demographic features
     Age/yr., median (P25-P75) 71 (61-75) 71 (61-78) 71 (60-78) 70 (60-78) 0.341
     Male/case (%) 568 (67.7) 244 (67.2) 221 (68.0) 103 (68.2) 0.966
     Ethnic Han/case (%) 792 (94.4) 345 (95.0) 306 (94.2) 141 (93.4) 0.737
    Comorbidity
     ACS/case (%) 694 (82.7) 314 (86.5) 257 (79.1) 123 (81.5) 0.033
     HF/case (%) 686 (81.8) 321 (88.4) 253 (77.8) 112 (74.2) <0.001
     HTN/case (%) 406 (48.4) 190 (52.3) 159 (48.9) 57 (37.7) 0.010
     CVD/case (%) 56 (6.7) 34 (9.4) 14 (4.3) 8 (5.3) 0.025
     CA/case (%) 82 (9.8) 37 (10.2) 27 (8.3) 18 (11.9) 0.454
     COPD/case (%) 116 (13.8) 44 (12.1) 55 (16.9) 17 (11.3) 0.114
     DM/case (%) 235 (28.0) 111 (30.6) 87 (26.8) 37 (24.5) 0.308
     CKD/case (%) 178 (21.2) 69 (19.0) 71 (21.8) 38 (25.2) 0.279
     SP/case (%) 18 (2.1) 5 (1.3) 3 (0.9) 10 (6.6) <0.001
    Score
     GRACE (median [P25-P75] ) 230 (198-258) 218 (194-245) 237 (201-268) 246 (210-274) <0.001
     CCI (median [P25-P75] ) 5 (4-6) 5 (4-6) 5 (4-6) 5 (4-7) 0.344
    Admission diagnosis
     CICU_LOS/d, median (P25-P75) 1 (0-4) 0 (0-3) 1 (0-4) 1 (1-4) <0.001
     HOS_LOS/d, median (P25-P75) 7 (2-13) 8 (4-14) 5 (1-12) 2 (1-12) <0.001
     Hospital deaths/case (%) 307 (36.6) 83 (22.9) 143 (44.0) 81 (53.6) <0.001
     Hospital deaths and non-ordered discharge/case (%) 428 (51.0) 132 (36.4) 196 (60.3) 100 (66.2) <0.001
     ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; HF: Heart failure; HTN: Hypertension; CVD: Cardiac vascular disease; CA: Cardiac arrest; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM: Diabetes; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; SP: Severe pneumonia; CCI: Chalson comorbidity index; CICU_LOS: Length of stay in CICU; HOS_LOS: Length of stay in hospital.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   不同SCAI休克分期患者的治疗操作过程、临床参数和实验室检查

    Table  2   Clinical parameters, laboratory tests, treatment and procedures for patients with different SCAI stages of CS

    ItemTotal (n=839)SCAI stage
    C (n=363)D (n=325)E (n=151)P
    Treatment
     VIS num (1) (median [P25-P75] ) 0 (0-1) 0 (0-0) 0 (0-1) 2 (2-3) <0.001
     VIS dose (1) (median [P25-P75] ) 0 (0-3.07) 0 (0-0) 0 (0-1.54) 15.4 (4.61-24.9) <0.001
     NEE (1) (median [P25-P75] ) 0 (0-230) 0 (0-0) 0 (0-0.24) 461 (230-461.7) <0.001
    Procedures
     Invasive ventilator/case (%) 337 (40.2) 92 (25.6) 144 (44.6) 101 (67.3) <0.001
     IABP/case (%) 212 (25.3) 62 (17.1) 87 (26.8) 63 (41.7) <0.001
     CAG/case (%) 409 (48.7) 205 (56.5) 149 (45.8) 55 (36.4) <0.001
     PCI/case (%) 321 (38.2) 156 (43.0) 110 (33.8) 55 (36.4) 0.042
    Clinical parameters
     SBP/mmHg, median (P25-P75) 106 (88-128) 114 (96-135) 109 (90-127) 82 (66-101) <0.001
     MAP/mmHg, median (P25-P75) 79 (64-94) 84 (72-98) 80 (67-93) 61 (45-74) <0.001
     HR/min−1, median (P25-P75) 92 (75-110) 91 (76-108) 91 (76-108) 98 (69-121) 0.411
     Urine/mL, median (P25-P75) 900 (450-1450) 950 (500-1450) 850 (400-1412) 700 (327-1400) 0.109
    Laboratory tests
     CR/(μmol/L), median (P25-P75) 122 (89-184) 106.6 (83-156) 130 (95.4-199.6) 157 (114-214) <0.001
     BNP/(pg/mL), median (P25-P75) 6631 (2332-19686) 5962 (2302-16123) 7847 (2719-22510) 6789 (1913-22909) 0.129
     ALT/(IU/L), median (P25-P75) 56 (28-143) 46 (24-83) 60 (30-192) 91 (41-363) <0.001
     CTn/(ng/L), median (P25-P75) 2015 (254-6696) 2098 (330-5719) 2007 (358-6494) 1834 (6-10000) 0.721
     LAC/(mmol/L), median (P25-P75) 2.9 (1.6-7.3) 1.7 (1.3-2.8) 3.7 (2.1-10.7) 6.9 (3.8-11.7) <0.001
     pH (median [P25-P75] ) 7.39 (7.33-7.44) 7.41 (7.35-7.45) 7.39 (7.32-7.44) 7.33 (7.28-7.40) <0.001
     VIS num (1): Vasoactive-inotropic drugs numbers in first hours; VIS dose (1): Vasoactive-inotropic drugs dosage in first hours; NEE (1): Norepinephrine-equivalent vasopressor dose in first hours; IABP: Intra-aortic balloon pump; CAG: Coronary angiography; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; HR: Heart rate; CR: Creatinine; BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide; ALT: Transaminase; CTn: Troponin; LAC: Lactate.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   心源性休克患者发生院内死亡的单因素和多因素回归分析

    Table  3   Univariate and multivariate regression analysis of in-hospital mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock

    FactorUnivariate analysisMulti-variate analysis*
    OR95%CIPOR95%CIP
    Age 1.020 (1.009, 1.032) <0.001 1.022 (1.007, 1.038) 0.005
    Male 0.996 (0.738, 1.345) 0.980 0.881 (0.622, 1.250) 0.478
    Pre-hospital cardiac arrest
     No 1.000 1.000
     Yes 1.949 (1.233, 3.082) 0.004 1.733 (1.017, 2.953) 0.043
    CCI 1.119 (1.047, 1.196) 0.001 1.036 (0.943, 1.139) 0.463
    Vasoactive drugs
     No 1.000 1.000
     Yes 2.697 (1.954, 3.721) <0.001 0.947 (0.518, 1.733) 0.861
    Invasive ventilator
     No 1.000 1.000
     Yes 4.067 (2.894, 5.716) <0.001 4.385 (2.948, 6.521) <0.001
    IABP
     No 1.000 1.000
     Yes 1.469 (1.069, 2.019) 0.018 1.781 (1.148, 2.762) 0.010
    CAG
     No 1.000 1.000
     Yes 0.417 (0.312, 0.557) <0.001 0.619 (0.350, 1.093) 0.098
    PCI
     No 1.000 1.000
     Yes 0.447 (0.329, 0.606) <0.001 0.542 (0.301, 0.979) 0.042
    SCAI stage
     C 1.000 1.000
     D 3.114 (2.154, 4.503) <0.001 2.590 (1.333, 5.030) 0.005
     E 4.991 (3.184, 7.825) <0.001 2.787 (1.390, 5.588) 0.004
     *Adjusted for risk factors including age and sex, PCI, CAG, IABP, VIS, CA and invasive ventilator. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; CCI: Chalson comorbidity index; IABP: Intra-aortic balloon pump; CAG: Coronary angiography; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention.
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 期刊类型引用(1)

    1. 曾繁芳,何松坚,胡伟,王小庆,闫少迪,陈怡粤,房子熙,郭文钦,罗颖,宋莉,颜红兵. 美国心血管造影和介入学会休克分类在真实世界急性心肌梗死合并心原性休克的应用价值. 中国介入心脏病学杂志. 2023(03): 174-181 . 百度学术

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  • 收稿日期:  2020-04-21
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