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摘要: 慢性应激是指激活经典的下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴神经内分泌系统和交感神经系统而引发的机体持续非特异性适应性反应。现已证实，慢性应激可诱发肿瘤发生并促进肿瘤演进，特别是对机体的免疫功能和肿瘤微环境的重塑具有重要影响。然而，由于慢性应激自身机制复杂，个体耐受差异较大，导致其在肿瘤发生与演进中的研究证据尚不确切。因此，本文就慢性应激与肿瘤发生、演进的相关性研究进行综述，重点解析慢性应激促进肿瘤发生发展的分子机制，抑制机体免疫反应、重塑肿瘤免疫微环境的作用及机制，探讨健康人群与肿瘤患者的应激管理方案，以期为靶向慢性应激逆转肿瘤的新策略研究提供新的线索与方向。我们认为，靶向环磷酸腺苷/蛋白激酶A/环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白（cAMP/PKA/CREB）信号通路逆转肿瘤发生的治疗策略，应激、炎症与免疫以及肿瘤之间的关系，β受体拮抗剂的“抑癌”活性及其机制以及与不同联合治疗方案的选择，仍需进一步探索。健康的生活方式、积极的生活态度与专业的应激管理指导对肿瘤的防治来说至关重要。Abstract: Chronic stress activates the typical neuroendocrine system, hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system, and leads to a sustained non-specific adaptive response. It has been proved that chronic stress can promote tumor initiation and induce tumor evolution, especially in immune function and remodeling of tumor microenvironment. However, due to the complex mechanism of chronic stress and the great difference in individual tolerance, the research evidence of chronic stress in tumor genesis and progression is still unclear. Therefore, in this paper, we review the research on the relationship between chronic stress and tumor initiation and evolution, focusing on the molecular mechanism of chronic stress promoting tumor occurrence and development, inhibiting immune response and remodeling tumor immune microenvironment, and exploring the stress management program of healthy people and cancer patients, so as to provide clues for exploring new strategies of cancer prevention and treatment. In our opinion, targeting the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway to reverse tumor treatment strategy, the relationship between the tumor and stress, inflammation, immunity, the suppressor activity of β receptor antagonist and its mechanism as well as associated with different treatment options, still need to be further explored. A healthy lifestyle, positive life attitudes and professional stress management guidance are essential for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Key words:
- Chronic stress /
- Tumor initiation /
- Immune function /
- Immune microenvironment /
- Stress management
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图 1 慢性应激参与肿瘤发生和发展的机制
Figure 1. The mechanism of chronic stress involved in tumor initiation and evolution
A: Chronic stress promotes the occurrence and initiation of tumors by activating two classical stress pathways, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS); B: Catecholamine promotes tumorigenesis through the cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway. CRF: Corticotropin releasing factor; ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone; βARs: β Adrenergic receptors; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; MMPs: Matrix metalloproteinases; PKA: Proteinkinase A.
图 2 慢性应激抑制免疫应答，重塑肿瘤免疫微环境
Figure 2. Chronic stress inhibits the immune response and reshapes the tumor tomor immune microenvironment
A: Immunotherapy can induce tumor cells releasing tumor-associated antigens, which subsequently activate dendritic cells (DCs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and ultimately kill tumor cells; B: Under chronic stress, glucocorticoids inhibit secretion of tumor-associated antigens and cytotoxic function of CTLs through multiple mechanisms, including down-regulation of interferon β and chemokine lignad 1/9/10 (CXCL1/9/10), etc.. HSP90: Heat shock proteins 90; IFN-γ: Interferon-γ.
表 1 全身适应综合征
Table 1. General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Stage Time of occurrence Characteristics Significance Alarm Appear after stress immediately Activating the sympathetic- adrenal medulla system;Increasing adrenal corticosteroids Defense mechanism;Last for a short time Resistance Appear after the warning response High level secretion of adrenal corticosteroids Increase the metabolic rate; Weaken inflammation and immune response Exhaustion Appears after stimulation of continuous and intensive stressors Continuous increase in levels of adrenal corticosteroids; Decrease in the number and affinity of glucocorticoid receptors The negative effects of the stress response start to appear, such as the related diseases, declined of organ function, even shock or death may occur It is not necessarily to occur in the same order, most of stressors only induce the appearance of alarm stage or resistance stage. 
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